{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T06:37:20Z","timestamp":1788590240949,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["RNN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"DOI":"10.3233\/rnn-190987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T12:24:14Z","timestamp":1587126254000},"page":"173-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Distinct neurotoxic effects of select local anesthetics on facial nerve injury and recovery"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Susanna C.","family":"Byram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, Byram \u2013 current, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA"},{"name":"Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha E.","family":"Bialek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA"},{"name":"Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicki A.","family":"Husak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Balcarcel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacquelyn","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen M.","family":"Foecking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4381","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.01341.x","article-title":"Electrical stimulation accelerates and increases expression of BDNF and trkB mRNA in regenerating rat femoral motoneurons","volume":"12","author":"Al-Majed,","year":"2000","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-07-02602.2000","article-title":"Brief electrical stimulation promotes the speed and accuracy of motor axonal regeneration","volume":"20","author":"Al-Majed,","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000047201.85815.9D","article-title":"The induction of apoptosis by local anesthetics: a comparison between lidocaine and ropivacaine","volume":"96","author":"Boselli,","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000258740.17193.ec","article-title":"Neurological complications after regional anesthesia: contemporary estimates of risk","volume":"104","author":"Brull,","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-160692","article-title":"Bupivacaine increases the rate of motoneuron death following peripheral nerve injury","volume":"35","author":"Byram,","year":"2017","journal-title":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90339-A","article-title":"A consideration of neural counting methods","volume":"15","author":"Coggeshall,","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.13189","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of perineural vs intraneural-extrafascicular injection of liposomal bupivacaine in the porcine model of sciatic nerve block","volume":"70","author":"Damjanovska,","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7125","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900598106","article-title":"Prolonged duration local anesthesia with minimal toxicity","volume":"106","author":"Epstein-Barash,","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.01.040","article-title":"Electrical stimulation promotes sensory neuron regeneration and growth-associated gene expression","volume":"205","author":"Geremia,","year":"2007","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2001.7774","article-title":"Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells stimulates the collateral sprouting from axotomized adult rat facial motoneurons","volume":"172","author":"Guntinas-Lichius,","year":"2001","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200611000-00025","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of lidocaine involves specific activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, but not extracellular signal-regulated or c-jun N-terminal kinases, and is mediated by arachidonic acid metabolites","volume":"105","author":"Haller,","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rapm.2008.03.002","article-title":"Pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury during regional anesthesia","volume":"33","author":"Hogan,","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref13","first-page":"406","article-title":"Quantitative histologic analysis of local anesthetic-induced injury to rat sciatic nerve","volume":"250","author":"Kalichman,","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2011.00053","article-title":"The nuclear events guiding successful nerve regeneration","volume":"4","author":"Kiryu-Seo,","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(89)90174-X","article-title":"Testosterone-induced acceleration of recovery from facial paralysis following crush axotomy of the facial nerve in male hamsters","volume":"105","author":"Kujawa,","year":"1989","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199405000-00017","article-title":"Irreversible conduction block in isolated nerve by high concentrations of local anesthetics","volume":"80","author":"Lambert,","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/00008506-200401000-00018","article-title":"Complications of regional anesthesia: nerve injury and peripheral neural blockade","volume":"16","author":"Liguori,","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318168514b","article-title":"In vitro, inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways protects against bupivacaine- and ropivacaine-induced neurotoxicity., table of contents","volume":"106","author":"Lirk,","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000137","article-title":"Local anaesthetics: 10 essentials","volume":"31","author":"Lirk,","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Anaesthesiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181a3272c","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing ultrasound versus nerve stimulator guidance for interscalene block for ambulatory shoulder surgery for postoperative neurological symptoms","volume":"109","author":"Liu,","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.12.049","article-title":"Dexamethasone attenuated bupivacaine-induced neuron injury in vitro through a threonine-serine protein kinase B-dependent mechanism","volume":"167","author":"Ma,","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.02.015","article-title":"Multivesicular liposomal bupivacaine at the sciatic nerve","volume":"35","author":"McAlvin,","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2003.11.004","article-title":"The facial nerve axotomy model","volume":"44","author":"Moran,","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Research: Brain Research Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-004-0702-y","article-title":"Interactions of local anesthetics with voltage-gated Na+ channels","volume":"201","author":"Nau,","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Membrane Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000286","article-title":"The Second ASRA Practice Advisory on Neurologic Complications Associated With Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine: Executive Summary 2015","volume":"40","author":"Neal,","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200004070-00039","article-title":"Glutamate release and neuronal injury after intrathecal injection of local anesthetics","volume":"11","author":"Ohtake,","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e31819385e1","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of local anesthetics in human neuronal cells","volume":"108","author":"Perez-Castro,","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia"},{"key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref28","unstructured":"Pfizer. (2019). Gelfoam: absorbable gelatin sponge, USP. New York, NY: Pfizer."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200202000-00016","article-title":"The neurotoxicity of local anesthetics on growing neurons: a comparative study of lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine, and ropivacaine., table of contents","volume":"94","author":"Radwan,","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref30","first-page":"338","article-title":"Local anesthetic neurotoxicity does not result from blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels","volume":"81","author":"Sakura,","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref31","first-page":"461","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of local anesthetics: animal data","volume":"18","author":"Selander,","year":"1993","journal-title":"Regional Anesthesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.2344\/11-03.1","article-title":"Transient delayed facial nerve palsy after inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia","volume":"59","author":"Tzermpos,","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesia Progress"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030339","article-title":"Local Anesthetic-Induced Neurotoxicity","volume":"17","author":"Verlinde,","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000268389.39436.66","article-title":"Lidocaine induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway independently of death receptor signaling","volume":"107","author":"Werdehausen,","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep236","article-title":"Apoptosis induction by different local anaesthetics in a neuroblastoma cell line","volume":"103","author":"Werdehausen,","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000068885.78816.5B","article-title":"A comparison of the neurotoxic effects on the spinal cord of tetracaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine administered intrathecally in rabbits., table of contents","volume":"97","author":"Yamashita,","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/RNN-190987_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e318228c835","article-title":"Local anesthetic Schwann cell toxicity is time and concentration dependent","volume":"36","author":"Yang,","year":"2011","journal-title":"Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine"}],"container-title":["Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/RNN-190987","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:48:44Z","timestamp":1777610924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/RNN-190987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/rnn-190987","relation":{},"ISSN":["0922-6028","1878-3627"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0922-6028","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3627","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]}}}