{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T09:59:54Z","timestamp":1777888794715,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4-6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["RNN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gait training may lead to functional brain changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD); however, there is a lack of studies investigating structural brain changes after gait training in PD. Objective: To investigate structural brain changes induced by 4 weeks of gait training in individuals with PD. Methods: Diffusion tensor imaging and structural T1 images were acquired in PD group before and after robot-assisted gait training or treadmill training, and in healthy control group. Tract-based spatial statistics and tensor-based morphometry were conducted to analyze the data. The outcome of gait training was assessed by gait speed and dual-task interference of cognitive or physical tests of the 10-meter walking test representing gait automaticity. The associations between structural brain changes and these outcomes were investigated using correlation analysis. Results: A total of 31 individuals with PD (68.5\u00b18.7 years, the Hoehn &amp; Yahr stage of 2.5 or 3) and 28 healthy controls (66.6\u00b18.8 years) participated in this study. Compared to the controls, PD group at baseline showed a significant increased fractional anisotropy (FA) in the right forceps minor and bilateral brainstem and reduced radial diffusivity (RD) in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus, as well as the expanded structural volumes in the several brain areas. After gait training, FA increased in the left internal capsule and it decreased in the left cerebellum Crus I, while the structural volume did not change. The increased FA in the left internal capsule positively correlated with the baseline gait speed and negatively correlated with gait speed improvement; moreover, the decreased FA in the left cerebellum Crus I negatively correlated with the baseline gait speed during the cognitive task. Conclusions: Gait training induces white matter changes in the brain of individuals with PD, which suggests the improvement of brain structural pathology to mitigate the impact of neurodegenerative consequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/rnn-221295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T11:53:34Z","timestamp":1681214014000},"page":"271-288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of gait training on structural brain changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Eunkyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heejae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seo Jung","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Gu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun Iee","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byung-Mo","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Yangpyeong, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han Gil","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2007.05.011","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain","volume":"4","author":"Alexander,","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000312","article-title":"Effectiveness of robot-assisted gait training on motor impairments in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Alwardat,","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Rehabilitation Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25674","article-title":"Cognitive contributions to gait and falls: evidence and implications","volume":"28","author":"Amboni,","year":"2013","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.07.011","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Atkinson-Clement,","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clinical"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2007.06.004","article-title":"Symmetric diffeomorphic image registration with cross-correlation: evaluating automated labeling of elderly and neurodegenerative brain","volume":"12","author":"Avants,","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medical Image Analysis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-011-9109-y","article-title":"An open source multivariate framework for n-tissue segmentation with evaluation on public data","volume":"9","author":"Avants,","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-0270(99)00132-6","article-title":"Mapping of fiber orientation in human internal capsule by means of polarized light and confocal scanning laser microscopy","volume":"94","author":"Axer,","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609811205010028","article-title":"How does the treadmill affect gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"5","author":"Bello,","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Aging Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0b013e3182a3d353","article-title":"Motor skill learning is associated with diffusion characteristics of white matter in individuals with chronic stroke","volume":"38","author":"Borich,","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of neurologic physical therapy: JNPT"},{"issue":"6418","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau2528","article-title":"Fast track to the neocortex: A memory engram in the posterior parietal cortex","volume":"362","author":"Brodt,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317753076","article-title":"Evidence for Training-Dependent Structural Neuroplasticity in Brain-Injured Patients: A Critical Review","volume":"32","author":"Caeyenberghs,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.06.031","article-title":"A new approach toward gait training in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"81","author":"Carvalho,","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gait and Posture"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311408916","article-title":"Effects of robot-assisted gait training on cardiopulmonaryfitness in subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled study","volume":"26","author":"Chang,","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-017-0367-y","article-title":"White matter damage and systemic inflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Chiang,","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0862","article-title":"A unified statistical approach to deformation-based morphometry","volume":"14","author":"Chung,","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318284070c","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging in parkinsonian syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Cochrane,","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1619-09.2010","article-title":"In vivo diffusion tensor imaging and histopathology of the fimbria-fornix in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"30","author":"Concha,","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(03)00568-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: mechanisms and models","volume":"39","author":"Dauer,","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31826bce18","article-title":"Robotic-assisted gait training and restoration. S-S","volume":"91","author":"Esquenazi,","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.06.005","article-title":"The relationship between diffusion tensor imaging and volumetry as measures of white matter properties","volume":"42","author":"Fjell,","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-0967-2","article-title":"Functional MRI to Study Gait Impairment in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: a Systematic Review and Exploratory ALE Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Gilat,","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports"},{"key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.08.034","article-title":"Differential age-dependent associations of gray matter volume and white matter integrity with processing speed in healthy older adults","volume":"123","author":"Hong,","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1544","article-title":"The cerebellum communicates with the basal ganglia","volume":"8","author":"Hoshi,","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/jnn2007.131045","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical features and diagnosis","volume":"79","author":"Jankovic,","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4447","article-title":"Longitudinal study of gray matter changes in Parkinson disease","volume":"36","author":"Jia,","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00336","article-title":"Aerobic exercise intervention, cognitive performance, and brain structure: results from the physical influences on brain in aging (PHIBRA) study","volume":"8","author":"Jonasson,","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-3123-4","article-title":"Effects of robot-assisted gait training in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Kang,","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2021.101620","article-title":"Robot-assisted gait training with auditory andvisual cues in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Kim,","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004576","article-title":"Disparate effects of training on brain activation in Parkinson disease","volume":"89","author":"Maidan,","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.03.010","article-title":"Connectivity-based segmentation of the brainstem by probabilistic tractography","volume":"1690","author":"Mate,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD007830","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007830.pub4","article-title":"Treadmill training for patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","author":"Mehrholz,","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-02-00700.2001","article-title":"Cerebellar projections to the prefrontal cortex of the primate","volume":"21","author":"Middleton,","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab346","article-title":"Fine Particulate Air Pollution, Early Life Stress, and Their Interactive Effects on Adolescent Structural Brain Development: A Longitudinal Tensor-Based Morphometry Study","volume":"32","author":"Miller,","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S114102","article-title":"Robot-assisted gait training for stroke patients: current state of the art and perspectives of robotics","volume":"13","author":"Morone,","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090091","article-title":"Striding out with Parkinson disease: evidence-based physical therapy for gait disorders","volume":"90","author":"Morris,","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.05.006","article-title":"Effects of exercise on gait and motor imagery in people with Parkinson disease and freezing of gait","volume":"53","author":"Myers,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00034.2015","article-title":"Neural Control of Walking in People with Parkinsonism","volume":"31","author":"Peterson,","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiology (Bethesda)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8654-1","article-title":"Freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: gray and white matter abnormalities","volume":"265","author":"Pietracupa,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005603","article-title":"Advantages of virtual reality in the rehabilitation of balance and gait: systematic review","volume":"90","author":"Porras,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2400","article-title":"Acute damage to the posterior limb of the internal capsule on diffusion tensor tractography as an early imaging predictor of motor outcome after stroke","volume":"32","author":"Puig,","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2014.06.026","article-title":"Effects of external cues on gait parameters of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: a systematic review","volume":"124","author":"Rocha,","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10062","article-title":"Fast robust automated brain extraction","volume":"17","author":"Smith,","year":"2002","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.024","article-title":"Tract-based spatial statistics: voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data","volume":"31","author":"Smith,","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051","article-title":"Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. S","volume":"23","author":"Smith,","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.08.039","article-title":"Functional topography in the human cerebellum: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"44","author":"Stoodley,","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00318","article-title":"Progressive Decline in Gray and White Matter Integrity in de novo Parkinson\u2019s Disease: An Analysis of Longitudinal Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative Diffusion Tensor Imaging Data","volume":"10","author":"Taylor,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22449","article-title":"Progression of brain atrophy in the early stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A longitudinal tensor-based morphometry study in de novo patients without cognitive impairment","volume":"35","author":"Tessa,","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3066","article-title":"Regional gray matter atrophy in patients with Parkinson disease and freezing of gait","volume":"33","author":"Tessitore,","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26130","article-title":"Microstructural changes in white matter associated with freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Vercruysse,","year":"2015","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8174-4","article-title":"Alterations of functional and structural connectivity of freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"263","author":"Wang,","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317753075","article-title":"Differential White Matter Regional Alterations in Motor Subtypes of Early Drug-Naive Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"32","author":"Wen,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh569","article-title":"A functional MRI study of automatic movements in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"128","author":"Wu,","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20622","article-title":"Regional homogeneity changes in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Wu,","year":"2009","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"7275","key":"10.3233\/RNN-221295_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08389","article-title":"Rapid formation and selective stabilization of synapses for enduring motor memories","volume":"462","author":"Xu,","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/RNN-221295","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:58:25Z","timestamp":1777611505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/RNN-221295"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4-6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/rnn-221295","relation":{},"ISSN":["0922-6028","1878-3627"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0922-6028","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3627","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]}}}