{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:57:13Z","timestamp":1792425433410,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interventions to recover upper extremity (UE) function after moderate-to-severe stroke are limited. Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) is an emerging non-invasive technique to improve neuronal plasticity and may potentially augment functional outcomes when combined with existing interventions, such as functional electrical stimulation (FES).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of combined tRNS and FES-facilitated task practice to improve UE impairment and function after moderate-to-severe stroke.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fourteen individuals with UE weakness were randomized into one of two groups: 1) tRNS with FES-facilitated task practice, or 2) sham-tRNS with FES-facilitated task practice. Both groups involved 18 intervention sessions (3 per week for 6 weeks). tRNS was delivered at 2\u200amA current between 100\u2013500\u200aHz for the first 30 minutes of FES-facilitated task practice. We evaluated the number of sessions completed, adverse effects, participant satisfaction, and intervention fidelity between the two therapists. UE impairment (Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity, FMUE), function (Wolf Motor Function Test, WMFT)\n                      <jats:sub>,<\/jats:sub>\n                      participation (Stroke Impact Scale hand score, SIS-H), and grip strength were assessed at baseline, within 1 week and 3 months after completing the intervention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All participants completed the 18 intervention sessions. Participants reported minimal adverse effects (mild tingling in head). The two trained therapists demonstrated 93% adherence and 96% competency with the intervention protocol. FMUE and SIS-H improved significantly more in the tRNS group than in the sham-tRNS group at both timepoints ( p\u22640.05), and the differences observed exceeded the clinically meaningful differences for these scores. The WMFT and paretic hand grip strength improved in both groups after the intervention ( p\u22640.05), with no significant between group differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings show for the first time that combining tRNS and FES-facilitated task practice is a feasible and promising approach to improve UE impairment and function after moderate-to-severe stroke.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/rnn-231314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T12:03:59Z","timestamp":1706616239000},"page":"193-202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Transcranial random noise stimulation to augment hand function in individuals with moderate-to-severe stroke: A pilot randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Amit","family":"Sethi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Pascual-Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew Senior Life, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Santarnecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Neuroscience & Neuromodulation Program, Network Control Laboratory, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghaleb","family":"Almalki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandramouli","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director of NeuRRo Lab, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Robotics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Michigan, Flint, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001"},{"key":"ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-019-02087-9"},{"key":"ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55602-z"},{"key":"ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.008"},{"key":"ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00586728"},{"key":"ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38919"},{"key":"ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01402"},{"key":"ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.02.001"},{"key":"ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-313361"},{"key":"ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2002-11.2011"},{"key":"ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00993"},{"key":"ref012","unstructured":"JamesR., EvansR.P.T. 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