{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T20:08:21Z","timestamp":1778789301438,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Previous research has shown that noninvasive brain stimulation can be used to study how the central nervous system (CNS) prepares the execution of a motor task. However, these previous studies have been limited to a single muscle or single degree of freedom movements (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">e.g.,<\/jats:italic>\n                      wrist flexion). It is currently unclear if the findings of these studies generalize to multi-joint movements involving multiple muscles, which may be influenced by kinematic redundancy and muscle synergies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to characterize corticospinal excitability during motor preparation in the cortex prior to functional upper extremity reaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>20 participants without neurological impairments volunteered for this study. During the experiment, the participants reached for a cup in response to a visual \u201cGo Cue\u201d. Prior to movement onset, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to stimulate the motor cortex and measured the changes in motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in several upper extremity muscles. We varied each participant\u2019s initial arm posture and used a novel synergy-based MEP analysis to examine the effect of muscle coordination on MEPs. Additionally, we varied the timing of the stimulation between the Go Cue and movement onset to examine the time course of motor preparation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that synergies with strong proximal muscle (shoulder and elbow) components emerged as the stimulation was delivered closer to movement onset, regardless of arm posture, but MEPs in the distal (wrist and finger) muscles were not facilitated. We also found that synergies varied with arm posture in a manner that reflected the muscle coordination of the reach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We believe that these findings provide useful insight into the way the CNS plans motor skills.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/rnn-231367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T10:36:14Z","timestamp":1712658974000},"page":"121-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Corticospinal excitability during motor preparation of upper extremity reaches reflects flexor muscle synergies: A novel principal component-based motor evoked potential analyses"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Augenstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, NeuRRo Lab, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"University of Michigan","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seonga","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, NeuRRo Lab, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor A.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, NeuRRo Lab, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Mekler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandramouli","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, NeuRRo Lab, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"University of Michigan","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.3008565"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","unstructured":"Awiszus F. 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