{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T09:55:05Z","timestamp":1781517305566,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IOS Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781643686677","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional deformity, yet the direction of controlling force applied in orthotic treatment remains largely empirical. Whether this force direction is aligned with patient-specific structural orientation has not been adequately evaluated in clinical cohorts. This retrospective study investigated the alignment between controlling force direction (CFD) and the plane of maximum curvature (PMC) and explored its relationship with first in-orthosis correction. A cohort of 265 patients with AIS treated with CAD\/CAM-manufactured thoracolumbosacral orthoses was analyzed. CFD was estimated from digital orthosis models using transverse-plane analysis, and PMC orientation was derived from biplanar radiographs. Force\u2013structure alignment was quantified as the angular difference between CFD and PMC. The study outcomes were changes in coronal Cobb angle and PMC-Cobb angle from baseline to the first in-orthosis radiograph. The mean CFD was 41.1\u00b0\u00a0\u00b1 11.3\u00b0, the mean PMC orientation was 66.0\u00b0\u00a0\u00b1 14.9\u00b0, the mean signed CFD\u2013PMC difference was \u201324.9\u00b0\u00a0\u00b1 17.6\u00b0, and the mean absolute difference was 26.1\u00b0\u00a0\u00b1 15.8\u00b0, indicating a systematic posterior offset of CFD relative to PMC. In the analyses, absolute misalignment was not associated with first in-orthosis coronal Cobb change (r = \u20130.071, p = 0.248) but was associated with less favorable first in-orthosis PMC-Cobb change (r = 0.124, p = 0.045). The signed difference showed a similar association with the first in-orthosis PMC-Cobb change (r = \u20130.137, p = 0.026), whereas the corresponding coronal association was also non-significant. In an exploratory \u226420\u00b0\u00a0grouping, aligned and misaligned cases showed similar coronal correction (\u201312.7\u00b0\u00a0vs. \u201313.3\u00b0, p = 0.448), while the aligned group demonstrated numerically better PMC-Cobb correction (\u201314.0\u00b0\u00a0vs. \u201312.5\u00b0, p = 0.112). These preliminary findings suggest that the force\u2013structure alignment may be more obvious at the deformity-plane than the coronal plane in the first in-orthosis correction, although the early signal appears modest and exploratory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/shti260747","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T09:28:26Z","timestamp":1781515706000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of Different Controlling Force Directions of Spinal Orthosis on the Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9147-9218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8152-9026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babak","family":"Hassan Beygi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4984-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lejun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wing Cheung","family":"Yeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, The Duchess of Kent Children\u2019s Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4157-9528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man Sang","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7437","container-title":["Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","Research into Spinal Deformities 12"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/pdf\/doi\/10.3233\/SHTI260747","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T09:28:26Z","timestamp":1781515706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/doi\/10.3233\/SHTI260747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"ISBN":["9781643686677"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/shti260747","relation":{},"ISSN":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0926-9630","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-8365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]}}}