{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T05:52:03Z","timestamp":1776664323928,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["THC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Offspring with a genetic predisposition to hypertension may have higher blood pressure (BP) at rest compared with those without a genetic predisposition to hypertension. They are also expected to have a higher sympathetic component in the heart rate variability (HRV) which could be computed with signal processing algorithms. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to design a wavelet-based system to estimate the heart rate variability that can be used to detect early cardiovascular changes in offspring with a genetic predisposition to hypertension. Early detection will help in the treatment of those young people. In this work, the relation between the hypertension and the changes in HRV is investigated. METHODS: The frequency domain and time domain analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) are studied to understand their relationship to the autonomic nervous system in offspring with and without a genetic predisposition to hypertension in Oman at resting state. The wavelet-based soft-decision algorithm is used as the spectral analysis tool to obtain different features from the HRV signal and to select the best performing features for detection of hypertension. The main task is to classify between three categories of subjects: 36 subjects with both normotensive parents (ONT), 22 subjects with single hypertensive parent (OHT1), and 11 subjects with both hypertensive parents (OHT2). RESULTS: The summation of the power of bands B4 and B5 of the 32 bands HRV wavelet-based spectrum, which is equivalent to the frequency range (0.046875 Hz-0.078125 Hz), is used as a classification factor among OHT2, OHT1, and ONT groups. The efficiency of classification between ONT and OHT2 is 85.10%, and between OHT1 and OHT2 is 81.81%. The result of classifying between (ONT and OHT1 as one group) and OHT2 is 85.50%. CONCLUSIONS: The work proves that the wavelet-based spectral analysis technique is a successful tool for classifying the three groups of subjects (ONT, OHT1, and OHT2) with different susceptibility for development of hypertension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/thc-202469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T23:55:35Z","timestamp":1609890935000},"page":"869-879","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Wavelet analysis for early identification of HRV changes in offspring with genetic predisposition to hypertension in Oman"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Hossen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Khriji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Al Ghunaimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Military College, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Al Barwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Jaju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000154900.76284.F6","article-title":"AHA Scientific Statement. Recommendations for blood pressure measurements in humans and experimental animals. Part 1: Blood Pressure measurement in humans. A statement for professionals from the subcommittee of professional and public education of the American Heart Association Council on high blood pressure research","volume":"111","author":"Pickering","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization 2003 (WHO)\/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. World Health Organization, International Society of Hypertension Writing Group. Journal of Hypertension. 2003; 21: 1983-1992.","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200311000-00002"},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2","article-title":"Joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. national heart, lung and blood institute; national high blood pressure education program coordinating committee. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure","volume":"42","author":"Chobanian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2","article-title":"Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure","volume":"42","author":"Chobanian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.05.025","article-title":"Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Salt-Dependent Hypertension.","volume":"50","author":"Rodriguez-Iturbe","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Kidney Diseases."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3B","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(91)90813-Z","article-title":"Autonomic Nervous System Dysregulation in Human Hypertension","volume":"67","author":"Julius","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000160548.78317.29","article-title":"Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness","volume":"25","author":"Zieman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(02)00053-4","article-title":"Dissecting the genetic architecture of the cardiovascular and renal stress response","volume":"61","author":"Sneider","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biological Psychology."},{"issue":"3&4","key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3109\/10641969609088965","article-title":"The evidence for a pathophysiologic significance of the sympathetic overactivity in hypertension","volume":"18","author":"Julius","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin and Exper. Hypertension."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11412.x","article-title":"Familial Aggregation of Blood Pressure in a Paediatric Population","volume":"79","author":"Fossali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001284","article-title":"Blood pressure and its reactivity in the offspring of first cousin hypertensive and first cousin normotensive parents: a preliminary report","volume":"15","author":"Hassan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Human Hypertension."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.33.6.1458","article-title":"High stress responsivity predicts later blood pressure only in combination with positive family history and high life stress","volume":"33","author":"Light","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0101_2","article-title":"Cardiovascular reactivity in cardiovascular disease: \u201cOnce more unto the breach\u201d","volume":"1","author":"Manuck","year":"1994","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Medicine."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2012.59","article-title":"Heritability of ambulatory and beat-to-beat office blood pressure in large multigenerational Arab pedigrees: the \u2018Oman Family study\u2019","volume":"15","author":"Albarwani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.59.4.632","article-title":"Carotid baroreflex function in young men with borderline blood pressure elevation","volume":"59","author":"Eckberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.58.6.592","article-title":"Impaired vagal heart rate control in coronary artery disease","volume":"58","author":"Airaksinen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br Heart J."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1978.tb131339.x","article-title":"Sinus arrhythmia in acute myocardial infarction","volume":"2","author":"Wolf","year":"1978","journal-title":"Med J Aust."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)90795-8","article-title":"Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"89","author":"Kleiger","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(91)90791-7","article-title":"Risk stratification for arrhythmic events in postinfarction patients based on heart rate variability, ambulatory electrocardiographic variables and the signal-averaged electrocardiogram","volume":"18","author":"Farrell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.85.1.164","article-title":"Frequency domain measures of heart period variability and mortality after myocardial infarction","volume":"85","author":"Bigger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.59.2.178","article-title":"Power spectral analysis of heart rate and arterial pressure variabilities as a marker of sympatho-vagal interaction in man and conscious dog","volume":"59","author":"Pagani","year":"1986","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6166045","article-title":"Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: a quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control","volume":"213","author":"Akselrod","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref23","first-page":"H151","article-title":"Assessment of autonomic function in humans by heart rate spectral analysis","volume":"248","author":"Pomeranz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.6.1441","article-title":"Relationship between spectral components of cardiovascular variabilities and direct measures of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans","volume":"95","author":"Pagani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.14.1394","article-title":"Central vagotonic effects of atropine modulate spectral oscillations of sympathetic nerve activity","volume":"98","author":"Montano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.84.2.482","article-title":"Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain","volume":"84","author":"Malliani","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.88.4.378","article-title":"The pNNx files: re-examining a widely used heart rate variability measure","volume":"88","author":"Mietus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Heart."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use","volume":"17","author":"Malik","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Heart Journal."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref29","unstructured":"Jaju D. Blood Pressure and cardiovascular control in offspring of Hypertensive and normotensive patrents from large homogeneous Omani Arab Pedigress, PhD. Dissertation, Graz, April, 2008."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.290","article-title":"Non-dipping blood pressure in the metabolic syndrome among Arabs of the Oman family study","volume":"15","author":"Hassan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obesity."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20045235","article-title":"Power spectral density estimation via wavelet decomposition","volume":"40","author":"Hossen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electronics Letters."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossen A, Al-Ghunaimi B, Hassan MO. Sub band decomposition soft decision algorithm for heart rate variability analysis in patients with OSA and normal controls, Signal Processing. 2005; 85: 95-106.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2004.09.004"},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-2005-13302","article-title":"A soft decision algorithm for obstructive sleep apnea patient classification based on fast estimation of wavelet entropy of RRI data","volume":"3","author":"Hossen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Technology and Health Care."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossen A, Al-Ghunaimi B. A wavelet-based soft decision technique for screening of patients with congestive heart failure. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control. 2007; 2: 135-143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2007.05.008"},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-202469_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossen A, Deuschl G, Groppa S, Heute U, Muthuraman M. Discrimination of physiological tremor from Pathological tremor using signals from the periphery. Technology and Health Care, April 2020.","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-191947"}],"container-title":["Technology and Health Care"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/THC-202469","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T12:14:58Z","timestamp":1737029698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/THC-202469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/thc-202469","relation":{},"ISSN":["0928-7329","1878-7401"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0928-7329","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-7401","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]}}}