{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T05:38:12Z","timestamp":1786945092753,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Technology and Health Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery is usually difficult and risky. With limited sources of cadaveric skulls, traditional methods of using virtual images to study the surgery are difficult for neurosurgeons and students because the surgery requires spatial imagination and good understanding of the patient\u2019s conditions as well as practical experience. The three-dimensional (3D) printing technique has played an important role in clinical medicine due to its advantages of low cost, high-efficiency and customization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CT images are used as the source data of 3D printing. The data obtained directly from the CT machine has limited accuracy, which cannot be printed without processing. Some commercial platforms can help build an accurate model but the cost and customization are not satisfactory. In this situation, a tactile, precise and low-cost 3D model is highly desirable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three pieces of computer software are used in the manufacturing of medical 3D models and the processing procedure is easy to understand and operate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study proposes a practical and cost-effective method to obtain the corrected digital model and produce the 3D printed skull with complete structures of the nasal cavity, sellar region and different levels of pituitary tumors. The model is used for the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery preparation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 3D printed medical model can directly help neurosurgeons and medical students to practice their surgery skills on both general and special cases with customized structures and different levels of tumors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/thc-209014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T14:07:49Z","timestamp":1588082869000},"page":"131-150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The manufacturing procedure of 3D printed models for endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Systems and Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Qingdao Academy of Intelligent Industries, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Systems and Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuqin","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Systems and Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center of 3D Printing and Intelligent Manufacturing, Cloud Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Systems and Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center of 3D Printing and Intelligent Manufacturing, Cloud Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhouxian","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xisong","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Systems and Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center of 3D Printing and Intelligent Manufacturing, Cloud Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, 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