{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:38:25Z","timestamp":1777891105243,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["THC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Sound normally enters the ear canal, passes through the middle ear, and stimulates the cochlea through the oval window. Alternatively, the cochlea can be stimulated in a reverse manner, namely round window stimulation. The reverse stimulation is not well understood, partly because in classic lumped-parameter models the path of reverse drive during the round window stimulation is usually not considered. OBJECTIVE: The study goal is to gain a better understanding of the hearing mechanism during round window stimulation. METHODS: A piezo actuator was coupled to the oval and round window of the guinea pigs. The auditory brainstem response produced by the forward and reverse stimulation at four frequencies was recorded. RESULTS: The results show that the input voltage of the actuator required at the hearing threshold in the round window drive was higher than that in the oval window drive. In order to understand the data, we designed a lumped-parameter cochlear model that can simulate both forward and reverse drive. The model-predicted results were consistent with the experimental results. CONCLUSIONS: The response of the auditory system to stimulus of oval window and round window was quantified through animal experimentation, and guinea pigs were used as experimental animals. When the same stimulus was applied to the oval window and round window of the cochlea, the ABR signals were compared. A lumped parameter model was designed to incorporate the sound transmission paths in both oval and round window stimulation. The simulated results are consistent with those of animal experiments. This model will be useful in understanding the inner-ear response in round window.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/thc-218005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T13:12:02Z","timestamp":1614690722000},"page":"49-56","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The design of a lumped parameter model considering the stimulus path of round window"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jong Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min Gyu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ki Woong","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyung Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/THC-218005_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/108471380200600208","article-title":"The envoy totally implantable hearing system, St. Croix Medical","volume":"6","author":"Kroll","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends in Amplification."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/THC-218005_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2006.03.010","article-title":"Hearing aids: a review of what\u2019s new","volume":"134","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/THC-218005_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)30572-7","article-title":"Current status and future of implantable electromagnetic hearing aids","volume":"28","author":"Goode","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.3233\/THC-218005_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.12.019","article-title":"The floating mass transducer at the round window: direct transmission or bone conduction","volume":"263","author":"Arnold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hearing Research."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/THC-218005_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2016.1226662","article-title":"Difference of auditory brainstem responses by stimulating to round and oval window in animal experiments","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioengineered."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-218005_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2014.04.003","article-title":"Comparison of auditory responses determined by acoustic stimulation and by mechanical round window stimulation at equivalent stapes velocities","volume":"314","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hearing research."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-218005_ref9","unstructured":"ASTM. ASTM Standard F2504-05(2014) West Conshohocken, PA: 2014. Standard Practice for Describing System Output of Implantable Middle Ear Hearing Devices."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.3233\/THC-218005_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.11.009","article-title":"Performance considerations of prosthetic actuators for round-window stimulation","volume":"263","author":"Nakajima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hearing Research."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/THC-218005_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2014.04.001","article-title":"Round window stimulation with the floating mass transducer at constant pretension","volume":"314","author":"Salcher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hearing Research."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/THC-218005_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/0036554021000028098","article-title":"Auditory-evoked potential studies of cortical maturation in normal hearing and implanted children: correlations with changes in structure and speech perception","volume":"123","author":"Eggermont","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Oto-laryngologica."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/THC-218005_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1587\/transinf.E92.D.2156","article-title":"Vibration analysis of human middle ear with differential floating mass transducer using electrical model","volume":"92","author":"Seong","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information and Systems."}],"container-title":["Technology and Health Care"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/THC-218005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:54:16Z","timestamp":1777614856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/THC-218005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"references-count":11,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/thc-218005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0928-7329","1878-7401"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0928-7329","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-7401","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]}}}