{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:38:26Z","timestamp":1777891106479,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["THC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: The pulse-echo test is used to evaluate the performance of ultrasonic probes before manufacturing ultrasonic systems. However, commercial alignment instruments are very large and use complex programs with long operation times. OBJECTIVE: To develop a low-cost alignment instrument used in the pulse-echo test for evaluating the performance of various 2D and 3D ultrasonic probes. METHODS: The developed alignment instrument can be aligned with the X, Y, Z, azimuth, elevation, and tilt axes with manual structure to support mounting fixtures that hold 2D and 3D ultrasonic probes. Each axis has a manual lever and is designed to have no movement when fixed. In particular, tilt and azimuth directions are designed to move more than 5\u2218 left and right. RESULTS: The probe mounted in the X, Y, and Z axes can move at above 50 mm. The probe mounted in the azimuth, elevation, and tilt axes can move more than 5\u2218 in the left and right directions. The pulse-echo test using commercial ultrasonic probes showed maximum error rate of less than 5%. CONCLUSIONS: Our developed alignment instrument can reduce costs by eliminating the need for shortening inspection times for probe manufacturers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/thc-218008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T13:12:23Z","timestamp":1614690743000},"page":"77-84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Development of a low-cost six-axis alignment instrument for flexible 2D and 3D ultrasonic probes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jungsuk","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Hambakmoe-ro, Incheon 21936, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwang Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMP System, 301-3ho 267-96, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39373, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hojong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi-Daero, Gumi 39253, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/THC-218008_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.111616","article-title":"Development of negative-group-delay circuit for high-frequency ultrasonic transducer applications","volume":"299","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens Actuators, A."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/THC-218008_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010290","article-title":"Wide bandwidth class-s power amplifiers for ultrasonic 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