{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T10:00:07Z","timestamp":1780912807510,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["THC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: The aim of a robotic exoskeleton is to match the torque and angular profile of a healthy human subject in performing activities of daily living. Power and mass are the main requirements considered in the robotic exoskeletons that need to be reduced so that portable designs to perform independent activities by the elderly users could be adopted. OBJECTIVE: This paper evaluates a systematic approach for the design optimization strategies of elastic elements and implements an actuator design solution for an ideal combination of components of an elastic actuation system while providing the same level of support to the elderly. METHODS: A multi-factor optimization technique was used to determine the optimum stiffness and engagement angle of the spring within its elastic limits at the hip, knee and ankle joints. An actuator design framework was developed for the elderly users to match the torque-angle characteristics of the healthy human with the best motor and transmission system combined with series or parallel elasticity in an elastic actuator. RESULTS: With the optimized spring stiffness, a parallel elastic element significantly reduced the torque and power requirements up to 90% for some manoeuvres for the users to perform ADL. When compared with the rigid actuation system, the optimized robotic exoskeleton actuation system reduced the power consumption of up to 52% using elastic elements. CONCLUSION: A lightweight, smaller design of an elastic actuation system consuming less power as compared to a rigid system was realized using this approach. This will help to reduce the battery size and hence the portability of the system could be better adopted to support elderly users in performing daily living activities. It was established that parallel elastic actuators (PEA) can reduce the torque and power better than series elastic actuators (SEA) in performing everyday tasks for the elderly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/thc-220145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T12:38:06Z","timestamp":1679661486000},"page":"1129-1151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Actuation system modelling and design optimization for an assistive exoskeleton for disabled and elderly with series and parallel elasticity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Asim","family":"Ghaffar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Faisalabad Campus, Lahore, Pakistan"},{"name":"Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas A.","family":"Dehghani-Sanij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng Quan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/THC-220145_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.06.012","article-title":"Do spatiotemporal parameters and gait variability differ across the lifespan of healthy adults? 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