{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T03:18:13Z","timestamp":1789960693015,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["THC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Rehabilitation assessment is a critical component of rehabilitation treatment. OBJECTIVE: This study focuses on a comprehensive analysis of patients\u2019 movement performance using the upper limb rehabilitation robot. It quantitatively assessed patients\u2019 motor control ability and constructed an intelligent grading model of functional impairments. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of patients\u2019 motor ability and provide valuable insights for personalized rehabilitation interventions. METHODS: Patients at different Brunnstrom stages underwent rehabilitation training using the upper limb rehabilitation robot, and data on the distal movement positions of the patients\u2019 upper limbs were collected. A total of 22 assessment metrics related to movement efficiency, smoothness, and accuracy were extracted. The performance of these assessment metrics was measured using the Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson correlation analysis. Due to the issue of imbalanced sample categories, data augmentation was performed using the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) algorithm based on weighted sampling, and an intelligent grading model of functional impairment based on the Extreme Gradient Boosting Tree (XGBoost) algorithm was constructed. RESULTS: Sixteen assessment metrics were screened. These metrics were effectively normalized to their maximum values, enabling the derivation of quantitative assessment scores for motor control ability across the three dimensions through a weighted fusion approach. Notably, when applied to the data-enhanced dataset, the intelligent grading model exhibited remarkable improvement, achieving an accuracy rate exceeding 0.98. Moreover, significant enhancements were observed in terms of precision, recall, and f1-score. CONCLUSION: The research findings demonstrate that this study enables the quantitative assessment of patients\u2019 motor control ability and intelligent grading of functional impairments, thereby contributing to the efficiency enhancement of clinical rehabilitation assessment. Moreover, this method resolves the issues associated with the subjectivity and prolonged periods of traditional rehabilitation assessment methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/thc-231076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T11:00:41Z","timestamp":1715684441000},"page":"2293-2306","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Research on multi-dimensional intelligent quantitative assessment of upper limb function based on kinematic parameters"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Sujiao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Assistive Devices, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqian","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Assistive Devices, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanying","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Assistive Devices, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanfu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongliu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Assistive Devices, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref1","first-page":"519","article-title":"Expert consensus on the management of post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref2","first-page":"136","article-title":"Summary of the \u201cChina Stroke Prevention and Treatment Report 2020\u201d","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.536763","article-title":"Active range of motion predicts upper extremity function 3 months after stroke","volume":"40","author":"Beebe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref5","first-page":"E309","article-title":"Probability of regaining dexterity in the flaccid upper limb: Impact of severity of paresis and time since onset in acute stroke","volume":"35","author":"Kwakkel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.003537","article-title":"Bilateral priming accelerates recovery of upper limb function after stroke a randomized controlled trial","volume":"45","author":"Stinear","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000143153.76460.7d","article-title":"Effects of augmented exercise therapy time after stroke \u2013 A meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Kwakkel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.000968","article-title":"Rehabilitation is initiated early after stroke, but most motor rehabilitation trials are not a systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Stinear","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0130722","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130722","article-title":"Effect of early rehabilitation during intensive care unit stay on functional status: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Castro-Avila","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000238594.91938.1e","article-title":"Impact of time on improvement of outcome after stroke","volume":"37","author":"Kwakkel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref11","first-page":"1365","article-title":"National rehabilitation medicine professional medical service and quality safety report for the year 2021","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-2995-5","article-title":"Effects of robot-assisted upper limb rehabilitation in stroke patients: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Bertani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2012.06.005","article-title":"Assessment of upper extremity impairment, function, and activity after stroke: foundations for clinical decision making","volume":"26","author":"Lang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Hand Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2016.2558540","article-title":"Automated analysis and quantification of human mobility using a depth sensor","volume":"21","author":"Leightley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ieee Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-011-0808-1","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of upper-limb motor control in robot-aided rehabilitation","volume":"49","author":"Zollo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref18","first-page":"661","article-title":"Action recognition method based on surface electromyography for patients with different brunnstrom levels","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Robot"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref19","first-page":"1449","article-title":"Real-time assessment method of upper limb motor function in stroke patients based on fusion of posture and surface electromyography","volume":"34","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7055","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217055","article-title":"Kinematic assessment to measure change in impairment during active and active-assisted type of robotic rehabilitation for patients with stroke","volume":"21","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref21","first-page":"581","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of upper limb motor function based on end-effector traction rehabilitation robot","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Beijing Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.12.005","article-title":"Kinematic measures for upper limb robot-assisted therapy following stroke and correlations with clinical outcome measures: A review","volume":"53","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medical Engineering & Physics"},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arafa A, El-Fishawy N, Mohammed B, et al. RN-SMOTE: Reduced Noise SMOTE based on DBSCAN for enhancing imbalanced data classification. Journal of King Saud University \u2013 Computer and Information Sciences. 2022; 34(8PA).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2022.06.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310370748","article-title":"Kinematic variables quantifying upper-extremity performance after stroke during reaching and drinking from a glass","volume":"25","author":"Alt Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/THC-231076_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0551-7","article-title":"End-point kinematics using virtual reality explaining upper limb impairment and activity capacity in stroke","volume":"16","author":"Hussain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation"}],"container-title":["Technology and Health Care"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/THC-231076","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:59:02Z","timestamp":1777615142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/THC-231076"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/thc-231076","relation":{},"ISSN":["0928-7329","1878-7401"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0928-7329","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-7401","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]}}}