{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:41:51Z","timestamp":1777891311831,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["THC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: To avoid risks of mucosal infection from contact lenses removal, a contact lens plunger is often used. OBJECTIVE: Given various types of contact lens plungers available on the market, no study has yet been done on mechanical effects of the contact lens plunger on contact lens removal. Here, this study used finite element analysis to investigate the effects of plunger size and plunger position on the removal of soft and rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses. METHODS: First, we established finite element analysis models for the plunger, contact lens, cornea, and aqueous humor. The plunger is made of mostly silicone rubber, and the contact lenses are mainly made of soft and hard material. The part of the plunger used for removal was located either at the central or the edged position, with pulling 1 mm distance. The main parameters observation indicators of in this study were the reaction force at the fixed end of the cornea, aqueous humor, the von Mises stress of the plunger, the contact lenses, and the cornea. RESULTS: Results of this study showed that when a plunger of a larger diameter was used, the reaction force of the plunger was also larger, especially when applied to RGP lenses, which required a slightly larger force (\u223c0.27 N). Also, when removing a RGP lens from the edge, there was a greater stress at the edge of the contact lens (2.5799 MPa), and this caused a higher stress on both the cornea (0.0165 MPa) and the aqueous humor (0.00114 MPa). CONCLUSIONS: When using a plunger with a larger diameter to remove a RGP lens, although a larger force required, the relatively larger contact area likely reduced the stress on the cornea and aqueous humor, thereby reducing the risk of eye injury. In addition, when removing a RGP lens, the results of this study recommended it to be removed from the plunger edge, as that facilitated the removal of contact lens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/thc-231983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T11:00:30Z","timestamp":1721991630000},"page":"4109-4121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomechanical evaluation of different plunger size and plunger position on removing soft contact lenses and rigid gas permeable contact lenses"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Min-Chien","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Changhua-Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chun","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hsiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen-Nien","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shun-Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Chih","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Equipment Development and Application, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0140419","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140419","article-title":"The association between near work activities and myopia in children \u2013 a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198807000-00003","article-title":"Rigid gas-permeable vs. hydrogel contact lenses for extended wear","volume":"65","author":"Fonn","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.11.001","article-title":"Contact lens wear and care in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"44","author":"Vianya-Estopa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12519","article-title":"Quality of life and handling experience with the PROSE device: An Indian scenario","volume":"100","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.116066","article-title":"Contact lens in keratoconus","volume":"61","author":"Rathi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref8","first-page":"59","article-title":"Suction cup\/contact lens complications following penetrating keratoplasty","volume":"24","author":"Ingraham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-022-00732-5","article-title":"Trochanteric Nails for the Reduction of Intertrochanteric Fractures: A Biomechanical Analysis Based on Finite Element Analysis and DIC System","volume":"42","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Biol Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-022-00729-0","article-title":"Stress Distribution of Four-Unit Implant-Supported Fixed Partial Prosthesis with Different Numbers and Positions of Fixtures in Maxilla Anterior Region-3D FEA","volume":"42","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Biol Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-022-00725-4","article-title":"Biomechanical effects of bone atrophy, implant design, and vertical or tilted of posterior implant on all-on-four concept implantation: Finite element analysis","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Biol Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-202673","article-title":"Analysis of transient response of the human foot based on the finite element method","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol Health Care."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-202420","article-title":"Loading comparison of two structures in the moving tube of a non-invasive prosthesis","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol Health Care."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering6040094","article-title":"Simulation of the effect of material properties on soft contact lens on-eye power","volume":"6","author":"Moore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioengineering."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref16","first-page":"132","article-title":"Computer assisted design and finite element analysis of contact lenses","volume":"60","author":"Batalu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rom J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conrad F, Ehrmann K, Choo JD, Holden BA. Finite element modeling of inverted (inside out) soft contact lenses. J Med Devices. 2010; 4(2).","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4001519"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.3390\/app8060855","article-title":"Finite element modeling of an elderly person\u2019s cornea and rigid gas permeable contact lenses for presbyopic patients","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02087-4","article-title":"Functional comparison of pacifiers using finite element analysis","volume":"22","author":"Tesini","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-213534","article-title":"3D-printed porous condylar prosthesis for temporomandibular joint replacement: Design and biomechanical analysis","volume":"30","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol Health Care."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-230692","article-title":"Analysis of modified surface topographies of titanium-based hip implants using finite element method","volume":"32","author":"Vulovi\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol Health Care."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-220304","article-title":"Micro-CT analysis of 3D printed provisional crowns fitting","volume":"31","author":"Alsubaiy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technol Health Care."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/THC-231983_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-220288","article-title":"Fracture toughness of 3D printed denture teeth","volume":"31","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technol Health Care."}],"container-title":["Technology and Health Care"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/THC-231983","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:59:58Z","timestamp":1777615198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.medra.org\/servlet\/aliasResolver?alias=iospress&doi=10.3233\/THC-231983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/thc-231983","relation":{},"ISSN":["0928-7329","1878-7401"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0928-7329","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-7401","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]}}}