{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T23:01:38Z","timestamp":1784674898295,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["THC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Golf courses are designed with uneven terrain. These factors are especially important when facing (slope), players need to straighten the posture of each part of the body in order to complete the swing on an inclined surface such as flat ground. Amateur players may be more likely to change the movement patterns of their shots due to uneven terrain. Therefore, it may be necessary to clarify the shot characteristics of amateur players and provide reference materials for technical improvement. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of slope on amateur golfers\u2019 swing kinematics by analyzing the variation of time variables, body center of gravity (COG), and shot parameters of amateur golfers\u2019 swing at different ground slopes. METHODS: Six male amateur golfers participated in the experiment. The 7-iron was used for 5 swings each at three slopes: flat ground (FG, 0\u2218), ball below foot (BBF, +10\u2218), and foot below ball (FBB, -10\u2218). The OptiTrack-Motion capture system was used to collect kinematic data, and the three-dimensional motion data will be transmitted to Visual3D software for subsequent data analysis such as golf swing division and body COG changes. Shot parameters (carry, swing speed, ball speed, and smash factor) were recorded for each swing using the Caddie SC300 radar monitoring device. RESULTS: The results showed that there was no difference in the overall swing time and the time required for each interval at different slopes (p&gt; 0.05) there is no significant difference in the change of the COG of the body in the forward and backward directions (p&gt; 0.05). The three slopes of swing speed, ball speed, carry and smash factor were not significantly different (p&gt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: The rhythm of the amateur golfer\u2019s swing was not affected by the slope, but the slope restricts the movement of the body\u2019s COG, which may affect the weight movement, and ultimately cause the performance parameters to not reach the level of the FG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/thc-236023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T12:07:59Z","timestamp":1681474079000},"page":"271-282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of slope change on kinematics of amateur golfers\u2019 full swing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Bairan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Putian University, Fujian, Putian, China"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Putian University, Fujian, Putian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Putian University, Fujian, Putian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaojie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngsuk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/THC-236023_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000102123","article-title":"Golf science research at the beginning of the twenty-first century","volume":"21","author":"Farrally","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Science."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/THC-236023_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2018-0448","article-title":"Why do older adults play golf? 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