{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:05:40Z","timestamp":1791821140082,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717113600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["THC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: The dominant feature of Alzheimer\u2019s dementia (AD) is gradual cognitive decline, which can be reflected by reduced finger dexterity. OBJECTIVE: This review analyzed reports on hand function in AD patients to determine the possibility of using it for an early diagnosis and for monitoring the disease progression of AD. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane library were searched systematically (search dates: 2000\u20132022), and relevant articles were cross-checked for related and relevant publications. RESULTS: Seventeen studies assessed the association of the handgrip strength or dexterity with cognitive performance. The hand dexterity was strongly correlated with the cognitive function in all studies. In the hand dexterity test using the pegboard, there was little difference in the degree of decline in hand function between the healthy elderly (HE) group and the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group. On the other hand, there was a difference in the hand function between the HE group and the AD group. In addition, the decline in hand dexterity is likely to develop from moderate to severe dementia. In complex hand movements, movement speed variations were greater in the AD than in the HE group, and the automaticity, regularity, and rhythm were reduced. CONCLUSIONS: HE and AD can be identified by a simple hand motion test using a pegboard. The data can be used to predict dementia progression from moderate dementia to severe dementia. An evaluation of complex hand movements can help predict the transition from MCI to AD and the progression from moderate to severe dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/thc-248022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T11:01:43Z","timestamp":1715684503000},"page":"253-264","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Function of the hand as a predictor of early diagnosis and progression of Alzheimer\u2019s dementia: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Seung","family":"Namkoong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyolyun","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/THC-248022_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.1.135","article-title":"Cognitive process in preclinical phase of dementia","volume":"121","author":"Fabrigoule","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/THC-248022_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890008995904","article-title":"Age-related cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment or preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"Celsis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/THC-248022_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1159\/000068484","article-title":"Kinematic analysis of handwriting movements in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, mild cognitive impairment, depression and healthy subjects","volume":"15","author":"Schroter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.3233\/THC-248022_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.01.006","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment deteriorate fine movement control","volume":"42","author":"Yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/THC-248022_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1159\/000075557","article-title":"Biological age and 12-year cognitive change in older adults: Findings from the Victoria Longitudinal Study","volume":"50","author":"MacDonald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gerontology."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.3233\/THC-248022_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1159\/000109498","article-title":"Grip strength and the risk of incident Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Buchman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/THC-248022_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.06.011","article-title":"Exercise builds brain health: Key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation","volume":"30","author":"Cotman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/THC-248022_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx003","article-title":"Gait Speed and Grip Strength Reflect Cognitive Impairment and Are Modestly Related to Incident Cognitive Decline in Memory Clinic Patients With Subjective Cognitive Decline and Mild Cognitive Impairment: Findings From the 4C Study","volume":"72","author":"Hooghiemstra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/THC-248022_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.8.859","article-title":"Handgrip strength and cognitive decline in older Mexican Americans","volume":"61","author":"Alfaro-Acha","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"issue":"9990","key":"10.3233\/THC-248022_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62349-7","article-title":"Grip strength and mortality: A biomarker of ageing","volume":"386","author":"Sayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.3233\/THC-248022_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00414","article-title":"Complex hand dexterity: A review of biomechanical methods for measuring musical performance","volume":"5","author":"Metcalf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/THC-248022_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.23944\/Jsers.2020.03.59.1.2","article-title":"Meta-Analysis for Effect size of Single target studies with Maladaptive Behavior Intervention for Children with Developmental Delays. 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