{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:40:12Z","timestamp":1790775612492,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["VES"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Neural circuits allow whole-body yaw rotation to modulate vagal parasympathetic activity, which alters beat-to-beat variation in heart rate. The overall output of spinning direction, as well as vestibular-visual interactions on vagal activity still needs to be investigated. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated direction-dependent effects of visual and natural vestibular stimulation on two autonomic responses: heart rate variability (HRV) and pupil diameter. METHODS: Healthy human male subjects (n\u200a=\u200a27) underwent constant whole-body yaw rotation with eyes open and closed in the clockwise (CW) and anticlockwise (ACW) directions, at 90\u00b0\/s for two minutes. Subjects also viewed the same spinning environments on video in a VR headset. RESULTS: CW spinning significantly decreased parasympathetic vagal activity in all conditions (CW open p\u200a=\u200a0.0048, CW closed p\u200a=\u200a0.0151, CW VR p\u200a=\u200a0.0019,), but not ACW spinning (ACW open p\u200a=\u200a0.2068, ACW closed p\u200a=\u200a0.7755, ACW VR p\u200a=\u200a0.1775,) as indicated by an HRV metric, the root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD). There were no direction-dependent effects of constant spinning on sympathetic activity inferred through the HRV metrics, stress index (SI), sympathetic nervous system index (SNS index) and pupil diameter. Neuroplasticity in the CW eyes closed and CW VR conditions post stimulation was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Only one direction of yaw spinning, and visual flow caused vagal nerve neuromodulation and neuroplasticity, resulting in an inhibition of parasympathetic activity on the heart, to the same extent in either vestibular or visual stimulation. These results indicate that visual flow in VR can be used as a non-electrical method for vagus nerve inhibition without the need for body motion in the treatment of disorders with vagal overactivity. The findings are also important for VR and spinning chair based autonomic nervous system modulation protocols, and the effects of motion integrated VR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/ves-201574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T13:58:25Z","timestamp":1621346305000},"page":"479-494","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Directional effects of whole-body spinning and visual flow in virtual reality on vagal neuromodulation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Alexander Hui Xiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashanna","family":"Khwaounjoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"},{"name":"Medtech Core NZ, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf Ozgur","family":"Cakmak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"},{"name":"Medtech Core NZ, Auckland, New Zealand"},{"name":"Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Health Systems and Technology, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2356","article-title":"Metaplasticity: Tuning synapses and networks for plasticity","volume":"9","author":"Abraham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(62)90141-4","article-title":"Neurophysiological study of vestibular and limbic influences upon vagal outflow","volume":"14","author":"Akert","year":"1962","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00240","article-title":"Synaptic plasticity in cardiac innervation and its potential role in atrial fibrillation","volume":"9","author":"Ashton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayuso-Moreno R. , Fuentes-Garc\u00eda J.P. , Collado-Mateo D. and Villafaina S. , Heart rate variability and pre-competitive anxiety according to the demanding level of the match in female soccer athletes, Physiology and Behavior 222 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.112926"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4322-06.2007","article-title":"Lac, Transgenic mouse lines subdivide medial vestibular nucleus neurons into discrete, neurochemically distinct populations","volume":"27","author":"Bagnall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03955-0","article-title":"Vestibular nucleus projections to the Edinger-Westphal and anteromedian nuclei of rabbits","volume":"963","author":"Balaban","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228409","article-title":"Vestibular nucleus projections to nucleus tractus solitarius and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve: potential substrates for vestibulo-autonomic interactions","volume":"98","author":"Balaban","year":"1994","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-1998-8102","article-title":"Neuroanatomic substrates for vestibulo-autonomic interactions","volume":"8","author":"Balaban","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of vestibular research: equilibrium & orientation"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beh S.C. and Friedman D.I. , Acute vestibular migraine treatment with noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation, Neurology 93 (2019).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008388"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12076","article-title":"con, Vagus nerve stimulation: from epilepsy to the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway","volume":"25","author":"Bonaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterology & Motility"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3208","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01001.2005","article-title":"Inhibitory synaptic transmission differs in mouse type A and B medial vestibular nucleus neurons in vitro","volume":"95","author":"Camp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)91040-0","article-title":"Distribution of primary vestibular fibers in the brainstem and cerebellum of the monkey","volume":"294","author":"Carleton","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cersosimo M.G. and Benarroch E.E. , Central control of autonomic function and involvement in neurodegenerative disorders, Elsevier B.V., 2013, pp. 45\u201357.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53491-0.00005-5"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cesmebasi A. , Anatomy of the cervical plexus and its branches, Elsevier Ltd, 2015, pp. 441\u2013449.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-410390-0.00032-9"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref16","first-page":"90","article-title":"What does galvanic vestibular stimulation actually activate?","volume":"2","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref17","first-page":"R615","article-title":"Effects of vestibular and oculomotor stimulation on responsiveness of the carotid-cardiac baroreflex","volume":"273","author":"Convertino","year":"1997","journal-title":"The American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curthoys I.S. and Manzari L. , Clinical application of the head impulse test of semicircular canal function, 15 (2017), 113\u2013126.","DOI":"10.1080\/21695717.2017.1353774"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(71)90222-6","article-title":"Effect of vestibular stimulation on pupillary size","volume":"30","author":"DeSantis","year":"1971","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.10.001","article-title":"Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on pupillary function","volume":"98","author":"Desbeaumes Jodoin","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00035.2019","article-title":"Galvanic vestibular stimulation: from basic concepts to clinical applications","volume":"121","author":"Dlugaiczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3MR1117-426R","article-title":"Eosinophil and airway nerve interactions in asthma","volume":"104","author":"Drake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Leukocyte Biology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref23","first-page":"1032","article-title":"The possible role of nystagmus in motion sickness: a hypothesis","volume":"65","author":"Ebenholtz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis H. , Anatomy of the spinal nerves and dermatomes, Elsevier, 2006, pp. 405\u2013406.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.mpaic.2006.08.005"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4412-8","article-title":"Caloric vestibular stimulation modulates nociceptive evoked potentials","volume":"233","author":"Ferr\u00e8","year":"2015","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07707.x","article-title":"The role of locus coeruleus in the antiepileptic activity induced by vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"33","author":"Fornai","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39104-6","article-title":"Hansson, Postural instability in an immersive virtual reality adapts with repetition and includes directional and gender specific effects","volume":"9","author":"Fransson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.01.012","article-title":"Predicting individual differences in motion sickness susceptibility by questionnaire","volume":"41","author":"Golding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v7.i4.204","article-title":"Autonomic and endocrine control of cardiovascular function","volume":"7","author":"Gordan","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1968.215.3.560","article-title":"Effects of vagal stimulation on S-A and A-V nodes","volume":"215","author":"Hamlin","year":"1968","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2006.07.014","article-title":"Space motion sickness: Incidence, etiology, and countermeasures","volume":"129","author":"Heer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autonomic Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150015","article-title":"Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenocortical stress response","volume":"6","author":"Herman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comprehensive Physiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Highstein S.M. and Holstein G.R. , The Anatomy of the vestibular nuclei, Elsevier, 2006, pp. 157\u2013203.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)51006-9"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1027\/\/0269-8803.15.1.35","article-title":"Correlation between heart rate and the severity of motion sickness caused by optokinetic stimulation","volume":"15","author":"Holmes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-014-0010-5","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"1","author":"Howland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S163248","article-title":"A review of vagus nerve stimulation as a therapeutic intervention","volume":"11","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Inflammation Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.028","article-title":"Relationships between pupil diameter and neuronal activity in the locus coeruleus, colliculi, and cingulate cortex","volume":"89","author":"Joshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(68)90057-7","article-title":"Contralateral short latency inhibition of central vestibular neurons in the horizontal canal system","volume":"8","author":"Kasahara","year":"1968","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keute M. , Demirezen M. , Graf A. , Mueller N.G. , Zaehle T. , No modulation of pupil size and event-related pupil response by transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), Scientific Reports 9 (2019).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47961-4"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-130866","article-title":"Anatomy of the vestibular system: a review","volume":"32","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1075-y","article-title":"Preprocessing pupil size data: guidelines and code","volume":"51","author":"Kret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwan A. , Forbes P.A. , Mitchell D.E. , Blouin J.S. and Cullen K.E. , Neural substrates, dynamics and thresholds of galvanic vestibular stimulation in the behaving primate, Nature Communications 10 (2019).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09738-1"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00213","article-title":"Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research - Recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting","volume":"8","author":"Laborde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamb S. and Kwok K.C.S.S. , MSSQ-short norms may underestimate highly susceptible individuals: updating the MSSQ-short norms, 57 (2015), 622\u2013633.","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814555862"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsen R.S. and Waters J. , Neuromodulatory correlates of pupil dilation, Frontiers in Neural Circuits 12 (2018).","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2018.00021"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2015.1017964","article-title":"Heart rate variability (HRV) during virtual reality immersion","volume":"21","author":"Malinska","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(68)90058-9","article-title":"Inhibitory commissural fibers interconnecting the bilateral vestibular nuclei","volume":"8","author":"Mano","year":"1968","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maxwell S.E. , Delaney H.D. and Kelley K. , Designing experiments and analyzing data: A model comparison perspective, Routledge, 2017.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315642956"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazloumi Gavgani A. , Hodgson D.M. and Nalivaiko E. and Gavgani A.M. , Effects of visual flow direction on signs and symptoms of cybersickness, 12 (2017), e0182790\u2013e0182790.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182790"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00112","article-title":"Descending influences on vestibulospinal and vestibulosympathetic reflexes","volume":"8","author":"McCall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref52","first-page":"439","article-title":"Autonomic control of the eye","volume":"5","author":"McDougal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comprehensive Physiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2007.10.071","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy and depression","volume":"5","author":"Milby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5215.2007.00208.x","article-title":"Studies of caloric vestibular stimulation: implications for the cognitive neurosciences, the clinical neurosciences and neurophilosophy","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatrica"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.1999.29.7.722","article-title":"Alterations of Heart Rate Variability by Vestibular Stimulation in Rabbits","volume":"29","author":"Oh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Korean Circulation Journal"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2007.01.002","article-title":"Autonomic responses during motion sickness induced by virtual reality","volume":"34","author":"Ohyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvs252","article-title":"Angiotensin 1A receptors transfected into caudal ventrolateral medulla inhibit baroreflex gain and stress responses","volume":"96","author":"Palma-Rigo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2010.10.005","article-title":"Self-motion perception and vestibulo-ocular reflex during whole body yaw rotation in standing subjects: The role of head position and neck proprioception","volume":"30","author":"Panichi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref59","first-page":"541","article-title":"Alterations of vestibuloocular reflex and heart rate variability by sinusoidal rotation in adults","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Kor Neurol Ass"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1918.26010150002007","article-title":"B\u00e1r\u00e1ny chair tests. and flying ability: a correlation study of one hundred naval aviators","volume":"70","author":"Parsons","year":"1918","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref61","first-page":"130","article-title":"Commissural perihypoglossal and reticular afferent projections to the vestibular nuclei in the cat. An experimental anatomical study with the method of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase","volume":"116","author":"Pompeiano","year":"1978","journal-title":"Archives Italiennes de Biologie"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-1997-7106","article-title":"Connections between the vestibular nuclei and brain stem regions that mediate autonomic function in the rat","volume":"7","author":"Porter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Vestibular Research: Equilibrium and Orientation"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13289","article-title":"Pupil fluctuations track rapid changes in adrenergic and cholinergic activity in cortex","volume":"7","author":"Reimer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/5.6.200S","article-title":"Chronic hypotension In the shadow of hypertension","volume":"5","author":"Robertson","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Journal of Hypertension"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.159991","article-title":"Vestibular stimulation: a simple but effective intervention in diabetes care","volume":"6","author":"Sailesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00178","article-title":"Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Modulation of Pupillary Unrest","volume":"14","author":"Schumann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.89.3.337","article-title":"The relative contribution of the sinus and AV node to heart rate variability","volume":"89","author":"Schwab","year":"2003","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","article-title":"An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms","volume":"5","author":"Shaffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/8056","article-title":"This way up: illusions and internal models in the vestibular system","volume":"2","author":"Snyder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0736(05)80263-8","article-title":"Heart rate variability. Is it influenced by disturbed sinoatrial node function?","volume":"28","author":"Sosnowski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Electrocardiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.07.024","article-title":"Kubios HRV - heart rate variability analysis software","volume":"113","author":"Tarvainen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004","article-title":"Claude Bernard and the heart\u2013 brain connection: Further elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration","volume":"33","author":"Thayer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref73","first-page":"401","article-title":"Effects of vestibular stimulus on heart rate variability","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hang tian yi xue yu yi xue gong cheng = Space medicine & medical engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tulppo M.P. , M\u00e4kikallio T.H. , Takala T.E.S. , Sepp\u00e4nen T. and Huikuri H.V. , Quantitative beat-to-beat analysis of heart rate dynamics during exercise, American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology 271 (1996).","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1996.271.1.H244"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200504-033SR","article-title":"The role of vagal afferent nerves in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"2","author":"Undem","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.883724","article-title":"Huffel, Adaptation of autonomic heart rate regulation in astronauts after spaceflight","volume":"19","author":"Vandeput","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H722","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00279.2014","article-title":"Electrophysiological effects of right and left vagal nerve stimulation on the ventricular myocardium,H722\u2013","volume":"307","author":"Yamakawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130041","article-title":"Vestibulo-sympathetic responses","volume":"4","author":"Yates","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comprehensive Physiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-201574_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R974","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1994.267.4.R974","article-title":"Organization of vestibular inputs to nucleus tractus solitarius and adjacent structures in cat brain stem","volume":"267","author":"Yates","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Vestibular Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/VES-201574","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:26:19Z","timestamp":1777613179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/VES-201574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/ves-201574","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4271","1878-6464"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4271","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-6464","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]}}}