{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T06:02:55Z","timestamp":1792303375216,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651449600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["VES"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents diagnostic criteria for vascular vertigo and dizziness as formulated by the Committee for the Classification of Vestibular Disorders of the B\u00e1r\u00e1ny Society. The classification includes vertigo\/dizziness due to stroke or transient ischemic attack as well as isolated labyrinthine infarction\/hemorrhage, and vertebral artery compression syndrome. Vertigo and dizziness are among the most common symptoms of posterior circulation strokes. Vascular vertigo\/dizziness may be acute and prolonged (\u226524 hours) or transient (minutes to \u200a&lt;\u200a24 hours). Vascular vertigo\/dizziness should be considered in patients who present with acute vestibular symptoms and additional central neurological symptoms and signs, including central HINTS signs (normal head-impulse test, direction-changing gaze-evoked nystagmus, or pronounced skew deviation), particularly in the presence of vascular risk factors. Isolated labyrinthine infarction does not have a confirmatory test, but should be considered in individuals at increased risk of stroke and can be presumed in cases of acute unilateral vestibular loss if accompanied or followed within 30 days by an ischemic stroke in the anterior inferior cerebellar artery territory. For diagnosis of vertebral artery compression syndrome, typical symptoms and signs in combination with imaging or sonographic documentation of vascular compromise are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/ves-210169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T12:24:29Z","timestamp":1648815869000},"page":"205-222","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Vascular vertigo and dizziness: Diagnostic criteria"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Ji-Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Newman-Toker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin A.","family":"Kerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Jahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Schoen Clinic Bad Aibling and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Bertholon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, CHU de Saint \u00c9tienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Waterston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Department of Neuroscience, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Bisdorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Emile Mayrisch, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Strupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5547-y","article-title":"Pseudovestibular neuritis associated with isolated insular stroke","volume":"257","author":"Ahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02143.x","article-title":"Recurrent isolated vertigo from hypoplastic vertebral artery","volume":"15","author":"Ahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02709.x","article-title":"Ischaemic posterior circulation stroke in State of Qatar","volume":"16","author":"Akhtar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/113.1.139","article-title":"Cerebellar infarction in the territory of the anterior and inferior cerebellar artery. A clinicopathological study of 20 cases","volume":"113","author":"Amarenco","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24521","article-title":"Outcomes among patients discharged from the emergency department with a diagnosis of peripheral vertigo","volume":"79","author":"Atzema","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.5.768","article-title":"Individual semicircular canal function in superior and inferior vestibular neuritis","volume":"57","author":"Aw","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajko Z. , Motataianu A. , Stoian A. , Barcutean L. , Andone S. , Maier S. , Draghici I.A. , Cioban A. and Balasa R. , Prevalence and clinical characteristics of subclavian steal phenomenon\/syndrome in patients with acute ischemic stroke, J Clin Med 10 (2021), 5237.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10225237"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.03850.x","article-title":"Head impulse testing using video-oculography","volume":"1164","author":"Bartl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.3.356","article-title":"Isolated body lateropulsion caused by a lesion of the cerebellar peduncles","volume":"60","author":"Bertholon","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2273.1998.00112.x","article-title":"A clinical evaluation of head impulse testing","volume":"23","author":"Beynon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2009-0343","article-title":"Newman-Toker, Classification of vestibular symptoms: towards an international classification of vestibular disorders","volume":"19","author":"Bisdorff","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2015.04.010","article-title":"Overview of the International classification of vestibular disorders","volume":"33","author":"Bisdorff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.1.42","article-title":"Rotational vertigo in embolic stroke of the vestibular and auditory cortices","volume":"45","author":"Brandt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360304","article-title":"Vestibular syndromes in the roll plane: topographic diagnosis from brainstem to cortex","volume":"36","author":"Brandt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489950181855","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for central versus peripheral positioning nystagmus and vertigo: a review","volume":"119","author":"Buttner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00125","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of truncal ataxia and HINTS as cardinal signs for acute vestibular syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Carmona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60151-2","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in emergency assessment of patients with suspected acute stroke: a prospective comparison","volume":"369","author":"Chalela","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5853-4","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of acute vestibular syndrome at the bedside in a stroke unit","volume":"258","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000906","article-title":"Head impulse gain and saccade analysis in pontine-cerebellar stroke and vestibular neuritis","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000028","article-title":"Isolated vestibular syndrome in posterior circulation stroke","volume":"4","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015507","article-title":"Acute transient vestibular syndrome: prevalence of stroke and efficacy of bedside evaluation","volume":"48","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12705","article-title":"Inferior cerebellar peduncular lesion causes a distinct vestibular syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx381","article-title":"Characteristics and mechanism of apogeotropic central positional nystagmus","volume":"141","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.07.003","article-title":"Characteristics and mechanism of perverted head-shaking nystagmus in central lesions: Video-oculography analysis","volume":"127","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001640","article-title":"Central paroxysmal positional nystagmus: Characteristics and possible mechanisms","volume":"84","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8032-4","article-title":"Modulation of central nystagmus by vision, proprioception, and efference copy signals: a systematic evaluation","volume":"263","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9040-3","article-title":"Vascular vertigo: updates","volume":"266","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32835c5edd","article-title":"Vertigo in brainstem and cerebellar strokes","volume":"26","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000260224.60943.c2","article-title":"Head-shaking nystagmus in lateral medullary infarction: patterns and possible mechanisms","volume":"68","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000180405.00560.51","article-title":"Rotational vertebral artery syndrome: oculographic analysis of nystagmus","volume":"65","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1053","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006167","article-title":"Persistent geotropic positional nystagmus in unilateral cerebellar lesions","volume":"91","author":"Choi","year":"1053","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.09.063","article-title":"Chasing dizzy chimera: Diagnosis of combined peripheral and central vestibulopathy","volume":"371","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-013-0544-1","article-title":"Impaired modulation of the otolithic function in acute unilateral cerebellar infarction","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7715-6","article-title":"Vestibulocochlear nerve infarction documented with diffusion-weighted MRI","volume":"262","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.123596","article-title":"Bedside differentiation of vestibular neuritis from central \u201cvestibular pseudoneuritis\"","volume":"79","author":"Cnyrim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2014.01.010","article-title":"Can bedside oculomotor (HINTS) testing differentiate central from peripheral causes of vertigo?","volume":"64","author":"Cohn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00017-4","article-title":"Stenting versus medical treatment in patients with symptomatic vertebral artery stenosis: a randomised open-label phase 2 trial","volume":"14","author":"Compter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.028400","article-title":"Use of dual antiplatelet therapy following ischemic stroke","volume":"51","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2017.10.012","article-title":"Diagnosing patients with acute-onset persistent dizziness","volume":"71","author":"Edlow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70216-3","article-title":"Diagnosis and initial management of cerebellar infarction","volume":"7","author":"Edlow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-190658","article-title":"Classification of vestibular signs and examination techniques: Nystagmus and nystagmus-like movements","volume":"29","author":"Eggers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10389-2","article-title":"Bedside video-ophthalmoscopy as an aid in the diagnosis of central vestibular syndromes","volume":"269","author":"Evangelista","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00666","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.666","article-title":"Combination of standard axial and thin-section coronal diffusion-weighted imaging facilitates the diagnosis of brainstem infarction","volume":"7","author":"Felfeli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.6.1004-a","article-title":"\u2018Rubral\u2019 gait ataxia","volume":"40","author":"Felice","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004690","article-title":"2nd, Practice guideline: Cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"89","author":"Fife","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196111022651812","article-title":"A new vascular syndrome-\u201cThe subclavian steal\"","volume":"265","author":"Fisher","year":"1961","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1967.00760040531010","article-title":"Vertigo in cerebrovascular disease","volume":"85","author":"Fisher","year":"1967","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.6.446","article-title":"The site of brainstem lesions causing semicircular canal paresis: an MRI study","volume":"55","author":"Francis","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e3181f7d043","article-title":"Heart Association Stroke Council, C. Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of and R. Outcomes, Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart association\/american stroke association","volume":"42","author":"Furie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8909-5","article-title":"Neuronal network-based mathematical modeling of perceived verticality in acute unilateral vestibular lesions: from nerve to thalamus and cortex","volume":"265","author":"Glasauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09525-4","article-title":"Frequency, aetiology, and impact of vestibular symptoms in the emergency department: a neglected red flag","volume":"266","author":"Goeldlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.1.94","article-title":"Isolated vertigo as a manifestation of vertebrobasilar ischemia","volume":"47","author":"Gomez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520390047014","article-title":"Vertigo of vascular origin. Clinical and electronystagmographic features in 84 cases","volume":"46","author":"Grad","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e672","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001013","article-title":"HINTS Examination in acute vestibular neuritis: do not look too hard for the skew","volume":"41","author":"Green","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2018-208170.2","article-title":"BET 2: Ability of a normal gait examination to rule out cerebellar stroke in acute vertigo","volume":"35","author":"Greer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1159\/000452303","article-title":"Clinical presentation, magnetic resonance angiography, ultrasound findings, and stroke patterns in patients with vertebral artery dissection","volume":"76","author":"Gunther","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520310043015","article-title":"A clinical sign of canal paresis","volume":"45","author":"Halmagyi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410060122","article-title":"Ocular tilt reaction with peripheral vestibular lesion","volume":"6","author":"Halmagyi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2020-002513","article-title":"Nystagmus goggles: how to use them, what you find and what it means","volume":"20","author":"Halmagyi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00260-0","article-title":"Evaluating dizziness","volume":"107","author":"Hoffman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/102.4.785","article-title":"Vestibular suppression in peripheral and central vestibular disorders","volume":"102","author":"Hood","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199809033391007","article-title":"Acute vestibular syndrome","volume":"339","author":"Hotson","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3662","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr269","article-title":"Patterns of spontaneous and head-shaking nystagmus in cerebellar infarction: imaging correlations","volume":"134","author":"Huh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2013.9.4.203","article-title":"Bedside evaluation of dizzy patients","volume":"9","author":"Huh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1159\/000345643","article-title":"Head-shaking aids in diagnosis of acute audiovestibular loss due to anterior inferior cerebellar artery infarction","volume":"18","author":"Huh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Audiol Neurotol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e318284056a","article-title":"Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"44","author":"Jauch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60150-0","article-title":"Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack","volume":"369","author":"Johnston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.109512","article-title":"Accuracy of the bedside head impulse test in detecting vestibular hypofunction","volume":"78","author":"Jorns-Haderli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/2396987317700540","article-title":"Increased risk for posterior circulation ischaemia in patients with vertebral artery hypoplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Katsanos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1159\/000351786","article-title":"Is vertebral artery hypoplasia a predisposing factor for posterior circulation cerebral ischemic events? A comprehensive review","volume":"70","author":"Katsanos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.551234","article-title":"HINTS to diagnose stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome: three-step bedside oculomotor examination more sensitive than early MRI diffusion-weighted imaging","volume":"40","author":"Kattah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000240329.48263.0d","article-title":"Stroke among patients with dizziness, vertigo, and imbalance in the emergency department: a population-based study","volume":"37","author":"Kerber","year":"2484","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002141","article-title":"Stroke risk stratification in acute dizziness presentations: A prospective imaging-based study","volume":"85","author":"Kerber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12030","article-title":"A dynamic model for eye-position-dependence of spontaneous nystagmus in acute unilateral vestibular deficit (Alexander\u2019s Law)","volume":"37","author":"Khojasteh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01946-3","article-title":"Serum miRNA125a-5p, miR-125b-5p, and miR-433-5p as biomarkers to differentiate between posterior circulation stroke and peripheral vertigo","volume":"20","author":"Kijpaisalratana","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2017.1363911","article-title":"Characteristic MR findings suggesting presumed labyrinthine hemorrhage","volume":"137","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181f6ca2f","article-title":"Isolated recurrent vertigo from stenotic posterior inferior cerebellar artery","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000297554.21221.a0","article-title":"Otolith dysfunction in vestibular neuritis: recovery pattern and a predictor of symptom recovery","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2016.00857","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding audiovestibular loss of a vascular cause","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.11.009","article-title":"Perverted head shaking nystagmus in focal pontine infarction","volume":"301","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e224","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.032488","article-title":"Transient vestibular symptoms preceding posterior circulation stroke: A prospective multicenter study","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-015-0688-2","article-title":"Failure of fixation suppression of spontaneous nystagmus in cerebellar infarction: Frequency, pattern, and a possible structure","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.10.013","article-title":"Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to head tap and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to air-conducted sounds in isolated internuclear ophthalmoplegia","volume":"125","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7139-0","article-title":"Isolated vestibular nuclear infarction: report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"261","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000150729.87682.79","article-title":"Isolated perverted head-shaking nystagmus in focal cerebellar infarction","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.12.002","article-title":"Isolated labyrinthine infarction as a harbinger of anterior inferior cerebellar artery territory infarction with normal diffusion-weighted brain MRI","volume":"278","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6375-4","article-title":"Inferior vestibular neuritis","volume":"259","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.1.40","article-title":"Internal auditory artery infarction: clinicopathologic correlation","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1309481","article-title":"Clinical practice. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo","volume":"370","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12712","article-title":"Isolated central vestibular syndrome","volume":"1343","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8455-6","article-title":"Isolated vestibular syndromes due to brainstem and cerebellar lesions","volume":"264","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003316","article-title":"Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi lesions produce a unique ocular motor syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.484329","article-title":"Designing a message for public education regarding stroke: does FAST capture enough stroke?","volume":"38","author":"Kleindorfer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10692-6","article-title":"Acute vestibular syndrome: is skew deviation a central sign?","volume":"269","author":"Korda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00588347","article-title":"Presumed vestibular hemorrhage secondary to warfarin","volume":"37","author":"Kothari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/2396987319843701","article-title":"Posterior circulation stroke diagnosis using HINTS in patients presenting with acute vestibular syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Krishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199708000-00019","article-title":"Rotational vertebral artery occlusion: a mechanism of vertebrobasilar insufficiency","volume":"41","author":"Kuether","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35923","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035923","article-title":"Increased risk of vascular events in emergency room patients discharged home with diagnosis of dizziness or vertigo: a 3-year follow-up study","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.597070","article-title":"Risk of stroke in patients hospitalized for isolated vertigo: a four-year follow-up study","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.08.039","article-title":"Audiovestibular loss in anterior inferior cerebellar artery territory infarction: a window to early detection?","volume":"313","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.12.1644","article-title":"Auditory disturbance as a prodrome of anterior inferior cerebellar artery infarction","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.03.022","article-title":"A case of isolated nodulus infarction presenting as a vestibular neuritis","volume":"221","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3745","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.564682","article-title":"Infarction in the territory of anterior inferior cerebellar artery: spectrum of audiovestibular loss","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000238500.02302.b4","article-title":"Cerebellar infarction presenting isolated vertigo: frequency and vascular topographical patterns","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.11.016","article-title":"Vulnerability of the vestibular organs to transient ischemia: implications for isolated vascular vertigo","volume":"558","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002226","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of acute vestibular neuritis according to involvement site","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000776","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of acute vascular vertigo","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24094","article-title":"Isolated unilateral infarction of the cerebellar tonsil: ocular motor findings","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.01.006","article-title":"Ipsilesional limb ataxia and truncal ipsipulsion in isolated infarction of the superior cerebellar peduncle","volume":"349","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26103","article-title":"Comparison of caloric and head-impulse tests during the attacks of Meniere\u2019s disease","volume":"127","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010972","article-title":"Dorsal medullary infarction: distinct syndrome of isolated central vestibulopathy","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leigh R.J. and Zee D.S. , The neurology of eye movements, 5th edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 2015.","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199969289.001.0001"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00311","article-title":"Acute unilateral audiovestibulopathy due to embolic labyrinthine infarction","volume":"9","author":"Liqun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-150549","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for Meni\u00e8re\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Lopez-Escamez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181bacf85","article-title":"The video head impulse test: diagnostic accuracy in peripheral vestibulopathy","volume":"73","author":"MacDougall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14707","article-title":"Usability of the head impulse test in routine clinical practice in the emergency department to differentiate vestibular neuritis from stroke","volume":"28","author":"Machner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14964","article-title":"Prevalence of acute dizziness and vertigo in cortical stroke","volume":"28","author":"Man Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000638","article-title":"VOR gain by head impulse video-oculography differentiates acute vestibular neuritis from stroke","volume":"36","author":"Mantokoudis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012176","article-title":"Stroke prediction based on the spontaneous nystagmus suppression test in dizzy patients: A diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"97","author":"Mantokoudis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004385","article-title":"Stenting for symptomatic vertebral artery stenosis: The vertebral artery ischaemia stenting trial","volume":"89","author":"Markus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0773-2","article-title":"Rotational vertebral artery syndrome: 3D kinematics of nystagmus suggest bilateral labyrinthine dysfunction","volume":"255","author":"Marti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70229-0","article-title":"Basilar artery occlusion","volume":"10","author":"Mattle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489009121137","article-title":"The vascular anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth in man","volume":"472","author":"Mazzoni","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol Suppl"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_AJA-14-0040","article-title":"The dissociation of video head impulse test (vHIT) and bithermal caloric test results provide topological localization of vestibular system impairment in patients with \u201cdefinite\u201d Meniere\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"McCaslin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.527762","article-title":"Isolated nodular infarction","volume":"40","author":"Moon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605040","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.605040","article-title":"Clinical implication of corrective saccades in the video head impulse test for the diagnosis of posterior inferior cerebellar artery infarction","volume":"12","author":"Nam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181bacfde","article-title":"Ageotropic central positional nystagmus in nodular infarction","volume":"73","author":"Nam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.646414","article-title":"Application of the ABCD2 score to identify cerebrovascular causes of dizziness in the emergency department","volume":"43","author":"Navi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2015.04.011","article-title":"TiTrATE: A Novel, Evidence-based approach to diagnosing acute dizziness and vertigo","volume":"33","author":"Newman-Toker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.4065\/83.7.765","article-title":"Spectrum of dizziness visits to US emergency departments: cross-sectional analysis from a nationally representative sample","volume":"83","author":"Newman-Toker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000314685.01433.0d","article-title":"Normal head impulse test differentiates acute cerebellar strokes from vestibular neuritis","volume":"70","author":"Newman-Toker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12223","article-title":"HINTS outperforms ABCD2 to screen for stroke in acute continuous vertigo and dizziness","volume":"20","author":"Newman-Toker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.000033","article-title":"Quantitative video-oculography to help diagnose stroke in acute vertigo and dizziness: toward an ECG for the eyes","volume":"44","author":"Newman-Toker","year":"1158","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6005-1","article-title":"Rotational vertebral artery syndrome due to compression of nondominant vertebral artery terminating in posterior inferior cerebellar artery","volume":"258","author":"Noh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.12.2274","article-title":"Vertigo and the anterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Oas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.11.118","article-title":"Clinical study of seven patients with infarction in territories of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery","volume":"26","author":"Ogawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7860-y","article-title":"Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in central vestibular disorders","volume":"263","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.09.026","article-title":"Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air-conducted sound in patients with acute brainstem lesions","volume":"124","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04578-0","article-title":"Patient characteristics with negative diffusion-weighted imaging findings in acute lateral medullary infarction","volume":"42","author":"Ohira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref144","first-page":"CR316","article-title":"Congenital morphological abnormalities of the distal vertebral arteries (CMADVA) and their relationship with vertigo and dizziness","volume":"10","author":"Paksoy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6837-y","article-title":"Isolated floccular infarction: impaired vestibular responses to horizontal head impulse","volume":"260","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.105767","article-title":"Hypoplastic vertebral artery: frequency and associations with ischaemic stroke territory","volume":"78","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.02.023","article-title":"Spontaneous isolated posterior inferior cerebellar artery dissection: rare but underdiagnosed cause of ischemic stroke","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70299-5","article-title":"Transient isolated brainstem symptoms preceding posterior circulation stroke: a population-based study","volume":"12","author":"Paul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2017.07.113","article-title":"Clinical significance of reversal of flow in the vertebral artery identified on cerebrovascular duplex ultrasound","volume":"67","author":"Policha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196111022651804","article-title":"Reversal of blood flow through the vertebral artery and its effect on cerebral circulation","volume":"265","author":"Reivich","year":"1961","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410160614","article-title":"Alexander\u2019s law: its behavior and origin in the human vestibulo-ocular reflex","volume":"16","author":"Robinson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1159\/000331046","article-title":"Dizziness in the emergency room: diagnoses and misdiagnoses","volume":"66","author":"Royl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12168","article-title":"Rising annual costs of dizziness presentations to U.S. emergency departments","volume":"20","author":"Saber Tehrani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000573","article-title":"Small strokes causing severe vertigo: frequency of false-negative MRIs and nonlacunar mechanisms","volume":"83","author":"Saber Tehrani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e318296aeca","article-title":"An updated definition of stroke for the 21st century: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"44","author":"Sacco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000078081.12097.AE","article-title":"Mechanical compression of the extracranial vertebral artery during neck rotation","volume":"61","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041544","article-title":"Vertebrobasilar disease","volume":"352","author":"Savitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/84.2.151","article-title":"Optimizing the sensitivity of the head thrust test for identifying vestibular hypofunction","volume":"84","author":"Schubert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.2083","article-title":"Symptoms and signs of posterior circulation ischemia in the new England medical center posterior circulation registry","volume":"69","author":"Searls","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s004050000236","article-title":"Clinical features of sudden hearing loss associated with a high signal in the labyrinth on unenhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"257","author":"Shinohara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007107","article-title":"Sensitivity of diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging for diagnosing acute ischemic stroke is 97.5%","volume":"46","author":"Simonsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00084","article-title":"Diagnostic value of serum biomarkers for differentiating central and peripheral causes of acute vertigo","volume":"7","author":"Sohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000838","article-title":"The takeaway Frenzel goggles: a Fresnel-based device","volume":"83","author":"Strupp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.6.1376","article-title":"Rotational vertebral artery occlusion syndrome with vertigo due to \u201clabyrinthine excitation\"","volume":"54","author":"Strupp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1981.tb30925.x","article-title":"Visual suppression of caloric nystagmus in brain-stem lesions","volume":"374","author":"Takemori","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E571","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.100174","article-title":"Does my dizzy patient have a stroke? A systematic review of bedside diagnosis in acute vestibular syndrome","volume":"183","author":"Tarnutzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-013-0336-6","article-title":"Use of perfusion imaging and other imaging techniques to assess risks\/benefits of acute stroke interventions","volume":"15","author":"Tarpley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.004188","article-title":"Vertebral artery hypoplasia: frequency and effect on cerebellar blood flow characteristics","volume":"45","author":"Thierfelder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.66.3.340","article-title":"Pontine lesions mimicking acute peripheral vestibulopathy","volume":"66","author":"Thomke","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000152040.27264.1A","article-title":"A topodiagnostic investigation on body lateropulsion in medullary infarcts","volume":"64","author":"Thomke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.7.5.331","article-title":"Syndrome of vertebral artery compression","volume":"7","author":"Tissington Tatlow","year":"1957","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.26.020175.001541","article-title":"The steal syndromes","volume":"26","author":"Toole","year":"1975","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31961-9","article-title":"Diagnosis of non-consensus transient ischaemic attacks with focal, negative, and non-progressive symptoms: population-based validation by investigation and prognosis","volume":"397","author":"Tuna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00590","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of vertigo in the emergency department: A prospective validation study of the STANDING Algorithm","volume":"8","author":"Vanni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599818785900","article-title":"Spontaneous labyrinthine hemorrhage: A case series","volume":"159","author":"Vivas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.02.005","article-title":"Acute vertigo due to hemispheric stroke: a case report and comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"339","author":"von Brevern","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000179","article-title":"Analysis of risk factors in patients with peripheral vertigo or central vertigo","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000299117.48935.2e","article-title":"Head impulse test in unilateral vestibular loss: vestibulo-ocular reflex and catch-up saccades","volume":"70","author":"Weber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref180","first-page":"1183","article-title":"High signal from the otic labyrinth on unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"13","author":"Weissman","year":"1992","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref181","first-page":"833","article-title":"The ocular tilt reaction\u2013a brainstem oculomotor routine","volume":"14","author":"Westheimer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-017-0878-1","article-title":"The floccular syndrome: Dynamic changes in eye movements and vestibulo-ocular reflex in isolated infarction of the cerebellar flocculus","volume":"17","author":"Yacovino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.03.005","article-title":"DEFENSIVE Stroke Scale: Novel diagnostic tool for predicting posterior circulation infarction in the emergency department","volume":"28","author":"Yamada","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14161","article-title":"Clinical implications of head-shaking nystagmus in central and peripheral vestibular disorders: is perverted head-shaking nystagmus specific for central vestibular pathology?","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.106237","article-title":"Body lateropulsion as an isolated or predominant symptom of a pontine infarction","volume":"78","author":"Yi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00058","article-title":"Comparison of the bedside head-impulse test with the video head-impulse test in a clinical practice setting: A prospective study of 500 outpatients","volume":"7","author":"Yip","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09576-7","article-title":"Compression of both vertebral arteries during neck extension: a new type of vertebral artery compression syndrome","volume":"267","author":"Yun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1981.46.4.878","article-title":"Effects of ablation of flocculus and paraflocculus of eye movements in primate","volume":"46","author":"Zee","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00822","article-title":"A prospective analysis of lesion-symptom relationships in acute vestibular and ocular motor stroke","volume":"11","author":"Zwergal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/VES-210169_ref190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a55ecf","article-title":"A bucket of static vestibular function","volume":"72","author":"Zwergal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Vestibular Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/VES-210169","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:26:30Z","timestamp":1777613190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/VES-210169"}},"subtitle":["Consensus document of the committee for the classification of vestibular disorders of the B\u00e1r\u00e1ny society"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"references-count":185,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/ves-210169","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4271","1878-6464"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4271","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-6464","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]}}}