{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:23:39Z","timestamp":1777890219252,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WOR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]]},"DOI":"10.3233\/wor-172676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]],"date-time":"2018-01-19T11:02:33Z","timestamp":1516359753000},"page":"211-229","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Bringing a structural perspective to work: Framing occupational safety and health disparities for nursing assistants with work-related musculoskeletal disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Alysa D.","family":"Haas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Olympia, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Olympia, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ninica L.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Olympia, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199604)29:4<421::AID-AJIM30>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"NIOSH research initiatives to prevent back injuries to nursing assistants, aides, and orderlies in nursing homes","volume":"29","author":"Collins","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3928\/00989134-20110106-01","article-title":"Work organization and health issues in long-term care centers","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gerontol Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.13-0295-OA","article-title":"Effort-reward imbalance and low back pain among eldercare workers in nursing homes: A cross-sectional study in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan","volume":"56","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gns085","article-title":"Contingency, employment intentions, and retention of vulnerable low-wage workers: An examination of nursing assistants in nursing homes","volume":"53","author":"Dill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"7413","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)90544-1","article-title":"The nurse\u2019s load","volume":"286","author":"Jackson","year":"1965","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref8","unstructured":"Amick BC , Tullar JM , Brewer S , Irwin E , Mahood Q , Pompeii L , et al. Interventions in health-care settings to protect musculoskeletal health: A systematic review. Toronto, ON, Canada: Institute for Work and Health, 2006."},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref9","unstructured":"BLS. BLS Occupational Injuries and Illnesses and Fatal Injuries Profiles. In: Bureau of Labor Statistics USDoL, editor."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-152222","article-title":"Work-related musculoskeletal risks associated with nurses and nursing assistants handling overweight and obese patients: A literature review","volume":"53","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"WORK"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/42.2.199","article-title":"Profile of home care aides, nursing home aides, and hospital aides: Historical changes and data recommendations","volume":"42","author":"Yamada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764215607572","article-title":"Conceptualizing the foundation of inequalities in care work","volume":"60","author":"Romero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Behav Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1177\/0950017012451634","article-title":"Who rides the glass escalator? Gender, race and nationality in the national nursing assistant study","volume":"26","author":"Price-Glynn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Work, Employ & Soc"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref14","unstructured":"Silverstein B , Schurke J . Implementation of safe patient handling in Washington State hospitals. Safety & Health Assessment & Research for Prevention, Washington State Department of Labor & Industries, 2012."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.21.2552","article-title":"The quest for nursing home quality: Learning history\u2019s lessons","volume":"163","author":"Winzelberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.20.6.128","article-title":"Regulating U.S. nursing homes: Are we learning from experience?","volume":"20","author":"Walshe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"issue":"7311","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7311.507","article-title":"Residential nursing facilities in the United States","volume":"323","author":"Harrington","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000100586.33970.58","article-title":"Quality of care in nursing homes: An analysis of relationships among profit, quality, and ownership","volume":"41","author":"O\u2019neill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558704273769","article-title":"Nursing home profit status and quality of care: Is there any evidence of an association?","volume":"62","author":"Hillmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Care Res Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.23.5.243","article-title":"Medicaid payment and risk-adjusted nursing home quality measures","volume":"23","author":"Grabowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1518\/001872099779656743","article-title":"Work organization, job stress, and work-related musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"41","author":"Carayon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.11.011","article-title":"The next generation of macroergonomics: Integrating safety climate","volume":"68","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref23","unstructured":"National Research Council. Health care comes home: The human factors.Washington, DC: Committee on the Role of Human Factors in Home Health Care, Board on Human-Systems Integration, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, 2011."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2014.05.019","article-title":"Understanding challenges in the front lines of home health care: A human-systems approach","volume":"45","author":"Beer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2190\/BRED-NRJ7-3LV7-2QCG","article-title":"A conceptual model of work and health disparities in the United States","volume":"36","author":"Lipscomb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Health Serv"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20740","article-title":"Language preference and non-traumatic low back disorders in Washington State workers\u2019 compensation","volume":"53","author":"Bonauto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2190\/HS.38.1.a","article-title":"Broken English, broken bones? Mechanisms linking language proficiency and occupational health in a Montreal garment factory","volume":"38","author":"Premji","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Health Serv"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.12241","article-title":"Black jobs matter: Racial inequalities in conditions of employment and subsequent health outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Doede","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20697","article-title":"Smoking and the Asian American workforce in the National Latino and Asian American Study","volume":"53","author":"de Castro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.09.039","article-title":"The inverse hazard law: Blood pressure, sexual harassment, racial discrimination, workplace abuse and occupational exposures in US low-income black, white and Latino workers","volume":"67","author":"Krieger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3181990c17","article-title":"Race, racial discrimination, and the risk of work-related illness, injury or assault: Findings from a national study","volume":"51","author":"Shannon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200010000-00011","article-title":"Risk of injury in African American hospital workers","volume":"42","author":"Simpson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20852","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in work-related injuries and socio-economic resources among nursing assistants employed in US nursing homes","volume":"53","author":"Tak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31815796a8","article-title":"Medical costs and sources of payment for work-related injuries among Hispanic construction workers","volume":"49","author":"Dong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref35","first-page":"185","article-title":"Stressors among Latino day laborers: A pilot study examining allostatic load","volume":"58","author":"de Castro","year":"2010","journal-title":"AAOHN J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20735","article-title":"Latino worker perceptions of construction risks","volume":"53","author":"Menzel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-12-57","article-title":"Gender inequalities in occupational health related to the unequal distribution of working and employment conditions: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Campos-Serna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20834","article-title":"A global perspective of migration and occupational health","volume":"53","author":"Schenker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3928\/08910162-20080101-01","article-title":"Relationship between job dissatisfaction and physical and psychological health among filipino immigrants","volume":"56","author":"de Castro","year":"2008","journal-title":"AAOHN J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3200\/AEOH.61.6.249-258","article-title":"How immigrant workers experience workplace problems: A qualitative study","volume":"61","author":"de Castro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Environ Occup Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e318254640d","article-title":"Work organization and musculoskeletal health: Clinical findings from immigrant latino poultry processing and other manual workers","volume":"54","author":"Grzywacz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22531","article-title":"Undocumented status as a social determinant of occupational safety and health: The workers\u2019 perspective","volume":"58","author":"Flynn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22033","article-title":"Immigrant workers and worker\u2019s compensation: The need for reform","volume":"55","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22126","article-title":"Work organization, job insecurity, and occupational health disparities","volume":"57","author":"Landsbergis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20702","article-title":"Ergonomic and socioeconomic risk factors for hospital workers\u2019 compensation injury claims","volume":"52","author":"Boyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp082","article-title":"Occupation as socioeconomic status or environmental exposure? A survey of practice among population-based cardiovascular studies in the United States","volume":"169","author":"MacDonald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22186","article-title":"Effects of social, economic, and labor policies on occupational health disparities","volume":"57","author":"Siqueira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-131728","article-title":"Hispanic construction workers and assertiveness training","volume":"49","author":"Shrestha","year":"2014","journal-title":"WORK"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref49","unstructured":"NIOSH\/ASSE. Overlapping vulnerabilities: The occupational safety and health of young workers in small construction firms. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH), 2015 Contract No.: 2015-178."},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.06.004","article-title":"The development of a conceptual model and self-reported measure of occupational health and safety vulnerability","volume":"82","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22535","article-title":"Individual, occupational, and workplace correlates of occupational health and safety vulnerability in a sample of Canadian workers","volume":"59","author":"Lay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2011.576725","article-title":"Structural vulnerability and health: Latino migrant laborers in the United States","volume":"30","author":"Quesada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Anthropol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2011.576728","article-title":"Structural vulnerability and hierarchies of ethnicity and citizenship on the farm","volume":"30","author":"Holmes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Anthropol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-131697","article-title":"Perceptions of risk from workers in high risk industries with work related musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"49","author":"Hunter","year":"2014","journal-title":"WORK"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.0.0264","article-title":"Occupational feminization and pay: Assessing causal dynamics using 1950\u20132000 U.S. census data","volume":"88","author":"Levanon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Forces"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref60","first-page":"594","volume-title":"Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care","author":"Good","year":"2003"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.07.003","article-title":"The double burden on safety net providers: Placing health disparities in the context of the privatization of health care in the US","volume":"63","author":"Horton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1525\/an.2006.47.1.33","article-title":"A call to an anthropology of health policy","volume":"47","author":"Horton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anthropology News"},{"issue":"supp1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/48.Supplement_1.36","article-title":"Nursing assistants\u2019 job commitment: Effect of nursing home organizational factors and impact on resident well-being","volume":"48","author":"Bishop","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1525\/maq.2005.19.1.084","article-title":"Power, blame, and accountability: Medicaid managed care for mental health services in New Mexico","volume":"19","author":"Willging","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Anthropol Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnp021","article-title":"Leadership styles of nursing home administrators and their association with staff turnover","volume":"49","author":"Donoghue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031811-124534","article-title":"Conceptual approaches to the study of health disparities","volume":"33","author":"Diez Roux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e448","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030448","article-title":"An ethnographic study of the social context of migrant health in the United States","volume":"3","author":"Holmes","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-172676_ref68","unstructured":"Patton IMQ . Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2002."}],"container-title":["Work"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/WOR-172676","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:33:34Z","timestamp":1777613614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/WOR-172676"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/wor-172676","relation":{},"ISSN":["1051-9815","1875-9270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1051-9815","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]]}}}