{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:30:58Z","timestamp":1777890658528,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment &amp; Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Increasing awareness of the high physical cost associated\n\t\t\t with lifting has led to the redesign of these tasks, incorporating manual\n\t\t\t handling devices and consequently pushing and pulling. Little research has\n\t\t\t focused on muscle activity responses to pushing and pulling, the current study\n\t\t\t therefore investigated these responses to further the understanding of risk of\n\t\t\t injury, informing ergonomics intervention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: A laboratory study was undertaken to determine the effect\n\t\t\t of three push\/pull techniques and two loads (250 and 500 kg) on muscle\n\t\t\t activation in nine muscles, distributed through the upper and lower body.\n\t\t\t Unloaded forward and backward walking were used as control conditions for lower\n\t\t\t limb muscle activation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Participants: Thirty-six healthy male volunteers participated in the\n\t\t\t study. Subjects were required to manoeuvre a loaded pallet jack at a velocity\n\t\t\t of 0.45\u20130.55 statures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: The muscles of the shoulders and upper extremity were\n\t\t\t affected to a greater degree by technique and load changes than those of the\n\t\t\t lower limbs. Further, high levels of erector spinae activation were recorded\n\t\t\t across all six experimental conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Each technique displayed a unique muscle activation\n\t\t\t profile, indicating that alternating between techniques may reduce early onset\n\t\t\t of fatigue. Further understanding of muscle activation during pushing and\n\t\t\t pulling is necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/wor-2011-1132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T21:40:20Z","timestamp":1575322820000},"page":"291-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Pushing and pulling, technique and load effects: An\t\t\t electromyographical study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"A.I.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, Rhodes\r\t\t\t University, Grahamstown, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.I.","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, Rhodes\r\t\t\t University, Grahamstown, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.D.","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, Rhodes\r\t\t\t University, Grahamstown, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"container-title":["WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment &amp; Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/WOR-2011-1132","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/WOR-2011-1132","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:42:55Z","timestamp":1777614175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/WOR-2011-1132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/WOR-2011-1132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/wor-2011-1132","relation":{},"ISSN":["1051-9815","1875-9270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1051-9815","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}}}