{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:37:06Z","timestamp":1777891026440,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WOR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Standards writers, national and international, have used different contrast calculations to set requirements in building elements for people with visual impairments. On the other hand, they have typically set a single requirement (30%) for specifying the minimum contrast. The systems are not linearly related and 30% means something rather different in each system. OBJECTIVE: To provide a comparison of the various scales in order to illustrate the differences caused by multiple scales with a single compliance value, recommend a single scale for universal adoption and, if a new measure is problematic for implementation, to recommend the most perceptually uniform of the present methods. METHODS: We use the contrast between combinations of 205 paint colours to illustrate the relationships between the measures. We use an internationally accepted scale, with equal perceptual steps, as a \u201cgold standard\u201d to identify the most perceptually uniform measurement scale in the existing methods. RESULTS: We show that Michelson contrast is the most perceptually uniform of the existing measurement scales. We show the contrasts in the proposed method that equate to the various current requirements. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that CIE Metric Lightness could be used as the contrast measure. Alternatively, Michelson contrast is the most perceptually linear of the current measurement scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/wor-205158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T11:35:01Z","timestamp":1637926501000},"page":"1219-1227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Issues in specifying contrast in building elements for people with a visual disability"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Stephen John","family":"Dain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Bridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of the Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Relf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association of Consultants in Access Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aldyfra Luhulima","family":"Lukman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of the Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Current address: Faculty of Engineeering, Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarita","family":"Manandhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei Ying","family":"Boon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Current Address: Vision Science and Optometry, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-205158_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-203085","article-title":"Development of an online digital resource accessible for students with visual impairment or blindness: Challenges and strategies","volume":"65","author":"Almeida","year":"2020","journal-title":"WORK"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-205158_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-2012-0332-1417","article-title":"Ergonomics and accessibility for people with visual impairment in hotels","volume":"41","author":"dos Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"WORK"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-205158_ref3","unstructured":"ISO 21542 Building construction \u2013Accessibility and usability of the built environment. Geneva: International Standardization Organisation; 2011."},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-205158_ref4","unstructured":"AS 1428.1 Design for access and mobility \u2013Part 1: General requirements for access - New building work. Sydney: Standards Australia; 2009."},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-205158_ref5","unstructured":"ISO 23599 Assistive products for blind and vision-impaired persons\u2014Tactilewalking surface indicators. Geneva: International Standardization Organisation; 2019."},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-205158_ref6","unstructured":"ISO 10938 Ophthalmic Optics \u2013 Chart displays for visual acuity measurement \u2013Printed, projected and electronic. 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