{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:16:59Z","timestamp":1788448619001,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WOR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Noise in work environments is regarded as a serious issue. Hearing loss leads to socio-economic problems and huge costs to families and communities. Agriculture is one of the professions in which individuals face occupational noise. Farmers are the second leading group in suffering from hearing loss in the world. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to predict the hearing protection behavior of farmers by using the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). METHOD: This descriptive study was conducted through a survey. The questionnaire was the main tool for data collection. The population of the study consisted of wheat farmers in Kermanshah province (N\u200a=\u200a126,900). By using Krejcie and Morgan\u2019s table and stratified random sampling method, 382 farmers were taken as the research sample. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the experts of this field, and the reliability was proved through a pilot study to calculate Cronbach\u2019s alpha. RESULTS: The findings showed that perceived self-efficacy, perceived response efficacy, perceived vulnerability, and perceived response costs had the strongest effects on farmers\u2019 motivation to protect their hearing, respectively. Furthermore, protection motivation had a significant effect on farmers\u2019 protection behavior. CONCLUSION: Threat and coping appraisals as cognitive mediating processes determined farmers\u2019 behavior for hearing protection. The results illustrated that the components of PMT were appropriate predictors of farmers\u2019 hearing protection behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/wor-210009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T11:26:31Z","timestamp":1669721191000},"page":"967-976","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hearing protection behavior of farmers in Iran: Application of the protection motivation theory"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Pouria","family":"Ataei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somayeh","family":"Moradhaseli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enayat","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-210009_ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Occupational Noise","volume":"3","author":"Alimohamadi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Iran Occup Health J"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210009_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.26719\/2012.18.12.1239","article-title":"Access and barriers to health care delivery in Arab countries: a review","volume":"18","author":"Kronfol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eastern Mediterranean Health J"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210009_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.08.009","article-title":"Socioeconomic variables explain rural disparities in US mortality rates: Implications for rural health research and policy","volume":"6","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"SSM \u2013 Population Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-210009_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soscij.2018.09.004","article-title":"Educational gradient of health in rural China","volume":"56","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Social Sci J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-210009_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1393-2","article-title":"Analysis of awareness of health knowledge among rural residents in Western China","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-210009_ref6","first-page":"120","article-title":"Evaluating the Relative Frequency or Hearing Loss on Heavy Vehicles Drivers","volume":"28","author":"Berjis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Isfahan Medical School"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210009_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.4103\/1012-5574.138484","article-title":"Noise-induced hearing loss among workers in textile factory","volume":"30","author":"Nada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Egypt J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210009_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20410","article-title":"Predictors of Use of Hearing Protection among a Representative Sample of Farmers","volume":"33","author":"McCullagh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Research Nursing Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210009_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-205179","article-title":"Occupational risks and their implications for the health of poultry farmers","volume":"70","author":"Magri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210009_ref11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improving hearing health for farming families","volume":"10","author":"Lower","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210009_ref12","unstructured":"Lien V . 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