{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T23:02:00Z","timestamp":1785452520855,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WOR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: The Indigenous workforce in Canada is challenged by a history of Euro-Canadian colonialism that has presented deleterious health outcomes, including those in the workplace. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the mental health of Indigenous workers in the workplace. METHODS: We used the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) between 2015 to 2016. Data were analyzed using the Public Use Microdata Files to profile the workplace mental health characteristics of First Nation Canadians (n\u200a=\u200a6,297) and Canadians (n\u200a=\u200a84,155). We utilized secondary data analysis design. The analyses included descriptive statistics (e.g., means and standard deviations) of self-reported mood disorders (depression, bipolar, mania, dysthymia), anxiety (phobia, OCD, panic) and occupational factors (e.g., demographic, days off work due to an acute mental health condition, job type, and job stress) in indigenous peoples living off-reserve and other Aboriginal settlements in the provinces. RESULTS: We examined the indigenous cohort between the ages of 18\u201364 who were employed. The sample was 53.1% male, married (34.8%), and obtained a post-secondary diploma or university degree (57.9%). The study reported statistically significant gender and age differences across mood and anxiety disorders (p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.05), job stress (p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.05) and workload (p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.05). CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the work profile of indigenous populations in Canada across various occupational mental health (e.g., mood disorders, anxiety) and demographic (e.g., age, education attainment) outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/wor-210927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T11:30:35Z","timestamp":1664883035000},"page":"129-136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Workplace mental health characteristics of the Indigenous workforce in Canada: A descriptive study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5586-4282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behdin","family":"Nowrouzi-Kia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, School of Rural and Northern Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basem","family":"Gohar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, School of Rural and Northern Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gobika","family":"Sithamparanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruo Yue","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Casole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Educational Department, Loretto College School, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref1","unstructured":"Health Canada Key Health Inequalities in Canada: A National Portrait. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Health Canada; 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27968","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v8.27968","article-title":"Understanding the social determinants of health among Indigenous Canadians: priorities for health promotion policies and actions","volume":"8","author":"Kolahdooz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global health action"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/096973309700400309","article-title":"The Nurse Shortage Problem in Japan","volume":"4","author":"Sawada","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1707-9","article-title":"Enhancing health care equity with Indigenous populations: evidence-based strategies from an ethnographic study","volume":"16","author":"Browne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e375","DOI":"10.17269\/CJPH.106.4923","article-title":"Mental health and substance use in an urban First Nations population in Hamilton, Ontario","volume":"106","author":"Firestone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Loughlin RA , Kristman VL , Gilbeau A Inclusion of Indigenous workers in workplace mental health. 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Developing workplace violenceand harassment policies\u201d, Workplace Violence Prevention Series. n.d."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-207380","article-title":"Canada\u2019s residential school system: measuring the intergenerational impact of familial attendance on health and mental health outcomes","volume":"70","author":"Hackett","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40985-017-0055-6","article-title":"Residential schools and the effects on Indigenous health and well-being in Canada \u2014 a scoping review","volume":"38","author":"Wilk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Reviews"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.01.021","article-title":"The mental health of Indigenous peoples in Canada: A critical review of research","volume":"176","author":"Nelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref11","unstructured":"Canadian Union of Public E. Time to address Aboriginal inequality and employment 2017. [Available from: https:\/\/cupe.ca\/time-address-aboriginal-inequality-and-employment"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref12","unstructured":"Mental Health Commission of C. Changing directions, changing lives: the mental health strategy for Canada. 2012;2012."},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref13","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Reference Guide to Understanding and Using the Data Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada; 2017. [Available from https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/food-nutrition\/food-nutrition-surveillance\/health-nutrition-surveys\/canadian-community-health-survey-cchs.html"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref14","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Annual component. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada; 2017."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9473(94)90148-1","article-title":"Choosing the optimal unconditioned test for comparing two independent proportions","volume":"17","author":"Andr\u00e9s","year":"1994","journal-title":"Computational statistics & data analysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3233\/SJI-180478","article-title":"First Nations data sovereignty in Canada","volume":"35","author":"Dewar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Statistical Journal of the IAOS"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref19","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS)Annual component. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada; 2017."},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref20","unstructured":"StataCorp. Stata statistical software: release 11.0. 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The life and economic impact of major mental illnesses in Canada: 2011 to 2041. 2011."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22771","article-title":"Self-medication with alcohol or drugs for mood and anxiety disorders: A narrative review of the epidemiological literature","volume":"35","author":"Turner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depression and anxiety"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6224-9","article-title":"Tracking progress in suicide prevention in Indigenous communities: a challenge for public health surveillance in Canada","volume":"18","author":"Pollock","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2014.888480","article-title":"Generational sex work and HIV risk among Indigenous women in a street-based urban Canadian setting","volume":"16","author":"Bingham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Culture, Health & Sexuality"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-210927_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julien M , Somerville K , Brant J . Indigenous perspectives on work-life enrichment and conflict in Canada. 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