{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:25:07Z","timestamp":1791066307364,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WOR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Welding is one of the most hazardous professions across the globe. Several risk factors are associated with Indian unorganized welding units such as welding gases, fumes and dust particles resulting in various respiratory health problems. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to examine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, their associated factors and lung function impairment amongst the welders of the unorganized sector in India. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted across 283 welders of age group 18\u201355 years from Punjab, India who responded to the interviewer-administrated respiratory symptoms questionnaire. Also, the lung function parameters of 50 male welders (exposed group) and 50 male non-welders (control group) working in the same environment were evaluated. RESULTS: The prevalence of respiratory symptoms such as chronic cough (38.86%), phlegm (38.86%), shortness of breath (33.56%), wheezing (32.15%), chest tightness (36.40%,) and sputum (34.27%) was reported by the welders. The observed mean values of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) and FEV1\/FVC ratio of welders were (3.37\u00b10.175), (2.59\u00b10.16) and (76.63\u00b16.16) respectively and that of non-welders were (3.70\u00b10.15), (3.05\u00b10.25) and (82.49\u00b17.62) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The welders were found to be at significant risk of developing pulmonary diseases. Long working hours, low level of education, hazardous working conditions, lack of implementation of safety laws make welders more vulnerable to health risks. The welders of Indian unorganized sector work without any technical training related to welding and safety. Proper orientation sessions about the workplace hazards and to maintain hygiene at their workplace should be organized. Welders must be provided with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Welders should take proper health check-up and medication to sustain healthiness<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/wor-213521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]],"date-time":"2021-06-26T05:35:23Z","timestamp":1624685723000},"page":"885-894","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Respiratory symptoms and spirometric abnormalities among welders in the welding workplace of the Indian unorganized sector"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Manish","family":"Dev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvind","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, 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