{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:39:31Z","timestamp":1777891171653,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WOR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Professionally, private security guards are expected to manage their anger and stress successfully. OBJECTIVE: The primary purpose of this study is to determine stress and anger levels of private security guards working in the Ankara Electricity, Gas and Bus Operations Organization. The secondary aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of the training program given to private security guards within the scope of anger and stress control. The effects of training on 690 private security guards who participated in the training program were investigated. METHODS: In the first part of the study, the validity and reliability of the Trait Anger, Anger Expression Scale and Coping with Stress Scale were investigated, and in the second part, the effectiveness of training given to 690 private security guards was examined. Also, as a comparison group, 201 private security guards who did not participate in the training were reached and the scales were applied. RESULTS: The results showed that private security guards had an inability to cope with stress and anger was triggered easily. The average treatment effect was E[Y(1) \u2013 Y(0)| X]\u200a=\u200a\u20130.111 and statistically significant. It shows that training had a significant effect on anger. Anger decreased when stress-coping behaviours increased and the training was effective. CONCLUSIONS: It is important that training about anger and stress control should be given to security forces at regular intervals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/wor-213611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T17:09:45Z","timestamp":1635872985000},"page":"917-928","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Estimating the training effect through the levels of trait anger, anger expression, and coping with the stress of private security guards"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7686-4863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015eefika \u015eule","family":"Er\u00e7etin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, Hacettepe University, Turkey, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5361-7667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015euay Nilhan","family":"A\u00e7ikalin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Relations, Ankara Hac\u0131 Bayram Veli University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0393-3135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nihan","family":"Potas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Management, Ankara Hac\u0131 Bayram University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9360-5337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilay","family":"Neyi\u015fci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, Hacettepe University, Turkey, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8817-4747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Sabir","family":"\u00c7evik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, Hacettepe University, Turkey, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref1","first-page":"46","article-title":"\u00dcniversite\u00f6\u011frencilerinin ofke d\u00fczeylerinin kar\u015f \u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (Kocaeli\u00fcniversitesi \u00f6rneg.i). Mu\u015f Alparslan \u00dcniversitesi Uluslararas","volume":"1","author":"Akdeniz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spor Bilimleri Dergisi"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.06.004","article-title":"Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression, anxiety, stress, and anger","volume":"39","author":"Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.00119","article-title":"A three-factor model of trait anger: dimensions of affect. Behavior and Cognition","volume":"68","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1501\/Kriz_0000000192","article-title":"\u00d6fke ve \u00f6fke y\u00f6netimi","volume":"11","author":"Soykan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kriz Dergisi"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/10598405040200060801","article-title":"Anger expression and blood pressure in adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Starner","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of School Nursing"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref10","first-page":"7","article-title":"\u00d6fke ve \u00f6fke kontrol\u00fc","volume":"3","author":"K\u00f6kdemir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pivolka"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref11","unstructured":"Riggio RE . End\u00fcstri ve \u00f6rg\u00fct psikolojisine giri\u015f. (\u00c7eviri Edit\u00f6r\u00fc: Belk\u0131s \u00d6zkara)). Ankara: NobelYay\u0131n Da\u0131t\u0131m; 2014."},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1108\/01409170010782280","article-title":"The art and science of effective stress management","volume":"23","author":"Rojas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Management Research News"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.1836","article-title":"Stress, Coping and Hope","volume":"19","author":"Folkman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456","article-title":"Coping: pitfalls and promise","volume":"55","author":"Folkman","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref15","unstructured":"Moos R . Coping responses inventory: Professional manual. 2nd ed. New York: PAR Assessment Resources; 1993."},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueser KT , Rosenberg SD , Rosenberg HJ . Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in special populations: a cognitive restructuring program. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2009.","DOI":"10.1037\/11889-000"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref17","first-page":"235","article-title":"Occupational stress, relaxation therapies, exercise and biofeedback","volume":"17","author":"Stein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Work: Journal of Prevention, Assessment Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref19","unstructured":"Korkut F . Okul temelli \u00f6nleyici rehberlik ve psikolojikdan\u0131\u015fma. Ankara: An\u0131 Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k; 2004."},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref20","unstructured":"Tutar H , Kriz ve stres ortam\u0131nda y\u00f6netim. .Hayat Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k; 2000."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref23","first-page":"233","article-title":"The role of personal and social resources inpreventing adverse health outcomes in employees of uniformedprofessions","volume":"18","author":"Ogi\u0144ska-Bulik","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Occupational Medicine &Environmental Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5923\/j.ijpbs.20120206.07","article-title":"The kind of mental health problems and it association with aggressiveness: A study on security guards","volume":"2","author":"Ahmad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Psychol Behav Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref25","first-page":"29","article-title":"Workplace stress and coping strategies of security guards working in universities","volume":"15","author":"Saleem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref26","unstructured":"Spielberger CD , Jacobs G , Russell S , Crane RS . Assessment of anger: The state-trait anger scale. In: Butcher Jn, Spielberger CD, editors. Advances in personality assessment Volume 2. new York: Routledge; 1983. p.159\u2013187."},{"issue":"31","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref27","first-page":"26","article-title":"S\u00fcrekli \u00f6fke ve \u00f6fke ifadesi tarz\u0131(\u00f6fke tarz\u0131) \u00f6l\u00e7ekleri \u00f6n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131","volume":"9","author":"\u00d6zer","year":"1994","journal-title":"T\u00fcrk Psikoloji Dergisi"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref28","first-page":"273","article-title":"Stresle Ba\u015fa \u00c7 \u0131kmaY\u00f6ntemleri \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011finin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019yeUyarlanmas\u0131: Ge\u00e7erlilik ve G\u00fcvenirlik\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131","volume":"25","author":"Ball\u0131","year":"2016","journal-title":"\u00c7ukurova \u00dcniversitesi SosyalBilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref29","first-page":"50","article-title":"Bir \u00d6fke Denetimi E\u011fitimi Program\u0131\u2019\u0131 \u00d6niversite \u00d6rencilerinin S\u00fcrekli \u00d6fke D\u00fczeylerine Etkisi","volume":"6","author":"\u00d6zkamal\u0131","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mersin \u00d6niversitesi E\u011fitim Fak\u00fcltesi"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref30","first-page":"52","article-title":"\u00d6fke Y\u00f6netimi E\u011fitiminin Okul Psikolojik Da\u0131\u015fmanlar.nda \u00d6fkeyle Ba\u015fa \u00c7\u0131kma ve G\u00fcvengenlik Becerilerine Etkisi","author":"\u00d6z","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mehmet Akif Ersoy\u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref31","first-page":"186","article-title":"I\u015fyerinde \u00d6fke Kontrol\u00fc E.gitiminin Etkilili.gi: Otel \u0130\u015fletmeleri\u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 \u0130le Yap\u0131lan Bir Ara\u015ft\u0131rma","volume":"6","author":"Bilge","year":"2017","journal-title":".G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane \u00dcniversitesi Sa"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/02678378708258528","article-title":"Stress and the London Regional Transport train driver","volume":"4","author":"Lewis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Work & Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/02678379008256961","article-title":"Bus driver in the UK transport industry","volume":"4","author":"Duffy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Work & Stress"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/02678379708256834","article-title":"Power motivation, illness, coping strategies and psychological stress in police trainees","volume":"11","author":"Langan-fox","year":"1997","journal-title":"Work & Stress"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213611_ref36","first-page":"17","article-title":"Otel","volume":"3","author":"Akova","year":"2008","journal-title":"I\u015fletmelerinde StresY\u00f6netimi: \u0130stanbul\u2019 daki Be\u015f Y\u0131ld\u0131zl\u0131 Otel\u0130\u015fletmelerinde Bir Ara\u015ft\u0131rma. Kocaeli\u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi"}],"container-title":["Work"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/WOR-213611","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:56:07Z","timestamp":1777614967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/WOR-213611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/wor-213611","relation":{},"ISSN":["1051-9815","1875-9270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1051-9815","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]}}}