{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:39:33Z","timestamp":1777891173683,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WOR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Individuals fluent in sign language (signers) born to non-signing, non-deaf parents (non-natives) may have a greater injury risk than signers born to signing, deaf parents (natives). A comprehensive analysis of movement while signing in natives and non-natives has not been completed and could provide insight into the greater injury prevalence of non-natives. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine differences in upper extremity biomechanics between non-natives and natives. METHODS: Strength, \u2018micro\u2019 rests, muscle activation, ballistic signing, joint angle, and work envelope were captured across groups. RESULTS: Non-natives had fewer rests (p\u200a=\u200a0.002) and greater activation (p\u200a=\u200a0.008) in non-dominant upper trapezius. For ballistic signing, natives had greater anterior-posterior jerk (p\u200a=\u200a0.033) and for joint angle, natives demonstrated greater wrist flexion-extension range of motion (p\u200a=\u200a0.040). Natives also demonstrated greater maximum medial-lateral (p\u200a=\u200a0.015), and greater minimum medial-lateral (p\u200a=\u200a0.019) and superior-inferior (p\u200a=\u200a0.027) positions. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that natives presented with more rests and less activation, but greater ballistic tendencies, joint angle, and envelope compared to non-natives. Additional work should explore potential links between these outcomes and injury risk in signers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/wor-213622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T17:49:05Z","timestamp":1638294545000},"page":"1111-1119","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Upper extremity biomechanics in native and non-native signers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Gretchen","family":"Roman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA"},{"name":"Physical Therapy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA"},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA"},{"name":"Phoenix Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Ofori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghan E.","family":"Vidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"},{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213622_ref1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Findings from the Video Interpreter Member Section Survey on Injuries","volume":"31","author":"Kroeger","year":"2014","journal-title":"RID Views"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-213622_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12333","article-title":"Semantic Fluency in Deaf Children who use Spoken and Sign Language in Comparison with Hearing Peers","volume":"53","author":"Marshall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J of Language & Comm"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-213622_ref4","unstructured":"Williamson A . 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