{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:39:49Z","timestamp":1777891189771,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WOR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Prolonged sitting during work is common and has been shown to cause health issues. However, changing working postures has been reported to reduce musculoskeletal issues and impact other health issues; thus, there is a need for an office environment with multiple choices of working postures. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in body position, body loading, and blood perfusion while in a seated, standing, and new office seating position, termed the in-between position. METHODS: Ground reaction forces, joint angles, pelvic tilt, openness angle (angle between the pelvis plane and thorax), and blood perfusion were evaluated for three positions. A motion capture system with markers was used to capture the position of anatomical landmarks. A six-axis force plate was used to collect the ground reaction forces, and a laser doppler perfusion monitor was used to obtain the blood perfusion. RESULTS: Data showed that the in-between position articulated the hips, which provided a hip and lumbar position closer to a standing posture than a seated posture. The average vertical ground reaction force in the in-between position was larger than the seated position but significantly smaller than during standing (p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.0001). There were no significant differences in anterior\/posterior ground reaction forces between the seated and the in-between positions (p\u200a=\u200a0.4934). Lastly, blood perfusion increased during the dynamic transitions between positions indicating changes in blood flow. CONCLUSION: The in-between position provides benefits of both standing (larger pelvic tilt and increased lumbar lordosis) and sitting (reduction in ground reaction forces).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/wor-220078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T13:15:59Z","timestamp":1676985359000},"page":"263-273","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating the biomechanics of an in-between posture to create a multi-posture office environment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Archana","family":"Lamsal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Garrett","family":"Weidig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Bellingar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haworth, Holland, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamara Reid","family":"Bush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.07.017","article-title":"The descriptive epidemiology of sitting among US adults, NHANES 2009\/2010","volume":"17","author":"Harrington","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-014-1338-1","article-title":"Weekday and weekend patterns of objectively measured sitting, standing, and stepping in a sample of office-based workers: The active buildings study","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-192978","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders among insurance office employees: A case study","volume":"64","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Work"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-008-9123-6","article-title":"Kyphosed seated postures: Extending concepts of postural health beyond the office","volume":"18","author":"Pynt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci3010101","article-title":"Promoting motor function by exercising the brain","volume":"3","author":"Perrey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.54.6.1673","article-title":"Hemodynamic responses during prolonged sitting","volume":"54","author":"Shvartz","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol [Internet]"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720809338173","article-title":"Comparisons of musculoskeletal complaints and data entry between a sitting and a sit-stand workstation paradigm","volume":"51","author":"Husemann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref8","first-page":"11","article-title":"The experience of musculoskeletal discomfort amongst bank tellers who just sit, just stand or sit and stand at work","volume":"14","author":"Roelofs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ergon SA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-4754(99)70020-5","article-title":"Sitting biomechanics part I: Review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Harrison","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"issue":"March","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2018.02.016","article-title":"Lowerlimb blood flow and mean arterial pressure during standing andseated work: Implications for workplace posture recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Antle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev Med Reports [Internet]"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102348","article-title":"Breaking up workplace sitting time with intermittent standing bouts improves fatigue and musculoskeletal discomfort in overweight\/obese office workers","volume":"71","author":"Thorp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med [Internet]"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv308","article-title":"Replacing sitting time with standing or stepping: Associations with cardio-metabolic risk biomarkers","volume":"36","author":"Healy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130118276","article-title":"Low back joint loading and kinematics during standing and unsupported sitting","volume":"44","author":"Callaghan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130903141204","article-title":"Studying the relationship between low back pain and working postures among those who stand and those who sit most of the working day","volume":"52","author":"Tissot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138208924959","article-title":"The relation between discomfort and postural loading at the joints","volume":"25","author":"Boussenna","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ergonomics [Internet]"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/rnj.166","article-title":"Evidence of Health Risks Associated with Prolonged Standing at Work and Intervention Effectiveness","volume":"40","author":"Waters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rehabil Nurs [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref17","first-page":"14","article-title":"A review on health effects associated with prolonged standing in the industrial workplaces","volume":"8","author":"Halim","year":"2011","journal-title":"IJRRAS"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2016.11.010","article-title":"Occupational risk and prolonged standing work in apparel sales assistants","volume":"60","author":"Capodaglio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon [Internet]"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2008.10.017","article-title":"Comparing dynamic and stationary standing postures in an assembly task","volume":"39","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon [Internet]"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2014.893027"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref21","first-page":"201","article-title":"Health risks associated with prolonged standing","volume":"19","author":"McCulloch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Work"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2011.582957","article-title":"Relationship between prolonged standing and symptoms of varicose veins and nocturnal leg cramps among women and men","volume":"55","author":"Bahk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2005.020537","article-title":"Prolonged standing at work and hospitalisation due to varicose veins: A 12 year prospective study of the Danish population","volume":"62","author":"T\u00fcchsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2012.05.020","article-title":"Too much sitting \u2013A health hazard","volume":"97","author":"Dunstan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract [Internet]"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0882","article-title":"Role of Low Energy Expenditure and Sitting in Obesity, Metabolic","volume":"56","author":"Hamilton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2015.1076528","article-title":"Ergonomics standards and guidelines for computer workstation design and the impact on users\u2019 health \u2013 a review","volume":"59","author":"Woo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ergonomics [Internet]"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.5143\/JESK.2014.33.4.267","article-title":"A trend analysis of dynamic chair and applied technology","volume":"33","author":"Hyeong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ergon Soc Korea"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref28","unstructured":"Sheeran L , Hemming R , van Deursen R , Sparkes V Can different seating aids influence a sitting posture in healthy individuals and does gender matter? Cogent Eng. 20185(1)."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e024854","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242854","article-title":"Is active sitting on a dynamic office chair controlled by the trunk muscles?","volume":"15","author":"Kuster","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One [Internet]"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref30","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Methods, Practice, and Case Studies. In: Rau PLP, editor","author":"Zhao","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137608931528","article-title":"Work-chair with Tilting Seat","volume":"19","author":"Mandal","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ergonomics [Internet]"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977198315109115","article-title":"Posture of the trunk when sittingon forward inclining seats","volume":"15","author":"Bendix","year":"1983","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2016.1265670","article-title":"The impact of office chair features on lumbar lordosis, intervertebral joint and sacral tilt angles: a radiographic assessment","volume":"60","author":"De Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ergonomics [Internet]"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8141(97)00096-6","article-title":"Forward sloping chair effects on spinal shape in the Hong Kong Chinese and Indian populations","volume":"23","author":"Goonetilleke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2019.1577496","article-title":"Are hybrid sit\u2013stand postures a good compromise between sitting and standing?","volume":"62","author":"Noguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ergonomics [Internet]"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.04.001","article-title":"Evaluating the low back biomechanics of threedifferent office workstations: Seated, standing, and perching","volume":"56","author":"Le","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Ergon [Internet]"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4005400"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(03)00144-X","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of sit-to-stand movement in normal and obese subjects","volume":"18","author":"Sibella","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winter DA Biomechanics and motor control of human movement. John Wiley & Sons;.2009.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470549148"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/147078530805000106","article-title":"Do data characteristics change according to the number of scale points used? An experiment using 5-point, 7-point and 10-point scales","volume":"50","author":"Dawes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Mark Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilke H , Neef P , Caimi M , Hoogland T , Claes LE New In VivoMeasurements of Pressures in the Intervertebral Disc in Daily Life. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) [Internet]. 1999;24(8). Available from: https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/spinejournal\/Fulltext\/\/0\/New_In_Vivo_Measurements_of_Pressures_in_the.5.aspx","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199904150-00005"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.11.031","article-title":"Effect of Different Sitting Postures on Lung Capacity, ExpiratoryFlow, and Lumbar Lordosis","volume":"87","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil [Internet]"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199110000-00010","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of two sitting postures on back and referred pain","volume":"16","author":"Williams","year":"1991","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976) [Internet]"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00044-3","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of sit-to-stand transfer in healthy and paraplegic subjects","volume":"15","author":"Bahrami","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/65.8.1177","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison of rising from two types of chairs","volume":"65","author":"Burdett","year":"1985","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100070215","article-title":"The influence of chair height on lower limb mechanics during rising","volume":"7","author":"Rodosky","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139208967399","article-title":"The effects of armrests and high seat heights on lower-limb joint load and muscular activity during sitting and rising","volume":"35","author":"Arborelius","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ergonomics [Internet]"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220078_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.06.003","article-title":"Blood perfusion and transcutaneous oxygen level characterizations in human skin with changes in normal and shear loads \u2013 Implications for pressure ulcer formation","volume":"25","author":"Manorama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Biomech [Internet]"}],"container-title":["Work"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/WOR-220078","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:56:35Z","timestamp":1777614995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/WOR-220078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/wor-220078","relation":{},"ISSN":["1051-9815","1875-9270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1051-9815","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]}}}