{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:52:47Z","timestamp":1778561567791,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WOR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Vehicular emissions on long-term exposure predispose metropolitan bus drivers to cardiorespiratory ailments. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cardiorespiratory risk of urban metropolitan bus drivers related to vehicular emission exposure. METHODS: Bus drivers (with service &gt;5 years, n\u200a=\u200a254) and their administrative controls (primarily engaged in indoor white collared jobs, n\u200a=\u200a73) were recruited. Demographic, occupational and clinical details were collected through pre-validated standardized format. Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) and lipid profile were carried out with standard protocol. Risk for cardiovascular events for preceding 10-years was estimated with WHO\/ISH risk prediction chart and QRISK3 score. Exposure assessments for particulate matter (PM) were performed for both groups while duty hours. RESULTS: Exposure of drivers to PM2.5 six times and PM10 five times higher in comparison to administration staff (PM2.5- 970.9 v\/s 145.0\u03bcg\/m3 TWA and PM10- 1111.7 v\/s 233.8\u03bcg\/m3 TWA). Bus drivers exhibited significantly higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms (dyspnea-25% v\/s 6.8% and cough-20.1% v\/s 9.8%) and compromised PFT (obstructive\u201321% v\/s 5.7% and restrictive\u20134.2% v\/s 2.9%) in comparison to controls. Multivariate regression statistics reveal a significant decline for FEV1\/FVC and FEV25\u201375\u00a0% among bus drivers compared to controls, controlling the influence of physiological and environmental factors. The difference between predicted cardiac age and their respective chronological age was twice higher (8.3 v\/s 4.3 years) among drivers compared to their administration staff. CONCLUSION: Bus drivers were exposed to high levels of outdoor air pollutants. Further, the drivers exhibited higher risk for ischemic attack and obstructive airway diseases as compared to administration staff.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/wor-220189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T11:22:48Z","timestamp":1675423368000},"page":"1309-1318","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Occupational exposure of vehicular emissions and cardiorespiratory risk among urban metropolitan bus drivers: A cross-sectional comparative study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Avinash","family":"Pagdhune","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tata Memorial Centre (TMC) - Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Navi Mumbai, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rekha","family":"Kashyap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"SivaPerumal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Balachandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ankit","family":"Viramgami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamalesh","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdtm.2018.03.003","article-title":"Air pollutants and early origins of respiratory diseases","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref2","unstructured":"HEI International Scientific Oversight Committee. Outdoor Air Pollution and Health in the Developing Countries of Asia: A Comprehensive Review. 2010"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Burden of disease from Ambient Air Pollution for 2012. 2012."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.53393","article-title":"Pulmonary function in automobile repair workers","volume":"32","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.12809\/hkmj198087","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk in bus drivers","volume":"26","author":"Cheung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.IJCM_102_19","article-title":"A study on respiratory morbidities and pulmonary functions among traffic policemen in bengaluru city","volume":"45","author":"Gowda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref7","first-page":"97","article-title":"Study of ventilatory lung function tests of bus drivers in Pune city","volume":"6","author":"Joshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Basic Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"03(E)","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref8","first-page":"17858","article-title":"Evaluation of pulmonary function tests in bus drivers and conductors in comparision to indoor office workers around Chennai Central","volume":"8","author":"Sathya Palaniswamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Current Advanced Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref9","first-page":"4","article-title":"Occupational stress and its associated health disorders among bus drivers","volume":"3","author":"Taklikar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3887","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_548_19","article-title":"Assessment of respiratory morbidity among bus drivers and conductors of the state road transport corporation, Kochi, Kerala","volume":"8","author":"Mohandas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref11","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global health observatory (GHO) data repository. Geneva: WHO. 2014."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490912400320","article-title":"OpenEpi: A web-based epidemiologic and statistical calculator for public health","volume":"124","author":"Sullivan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref13","first-page":"111","article-title":"Validity of a respiratory modified questionnaire (ATS-DLS-78) as a tool of an epidemiologic study in Brazil [Article in Portuguese]","volume":"14","author":"Aguiar","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pneumol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034505","article-title":"General considerations for lung function testing","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref15","first-page":"531","article-title":"Indian norms for pulmonary function: Observed values prediction equations and intercorrelations","volume":"25","author":"Kamat","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000019555.61092.9E","article-title":"Cardiovascular health in childhood: A statement for health professionals from the Committee on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young (AHOY) of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association","volume":"106","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.284427","article-title":"evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: Report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)","volume":"311","author":"James","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3282861fd3","article-title":"World Health Organization (WHO) and International Society of Hypertension (ISH) risk prediction charts: Assessment of cardiovascular risk for prevention and control of cardiovascular disease in low and middle-income countries","volume":"25","author":"Mendis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j2099","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j2099","article-title":"Development and validation of QRISK3 risk prediction algorithms to estimate future risk of cardiovascular disease: Prospective cohort study","volume":"357","author":"Hippisley-Cox","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref20","unstructured":"SPSS Statistics. SPSS statistics for windows, version 17.0. SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA. 2008."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-005-0061-8","article-title":"Respiratory health of bus drivers in Hong Kong","volume":"79","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"01","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4236\/ojepi.2018.81001","article-title":"Traffic air pollution and respiratory health: A cross-sectional study among bus drivers in dakar (Senegal)","volume":"8","author":"Sylla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-018-0380-3","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory health effects of gaseous ambient air pollution exposure in low and middle income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Newell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00003","article-title":"Aeroparticles, composition, and lung diseases","volume":"7","author":"Falcon-Rodriguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.338","article-title":"Personal exposure to traffic-related air pollutants and relationships with respiratory symptoms and oxidative stress: A pilot cross-sectional study among urban green space workers","volume":"649","author":"Guilbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.04.079","article-title":"Exposure to fine particulate matter causes oxidative and methylated DNA damage in young adults: A longitudinal study","volume":"598","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-001-0076-5","article-title":"The interaction between particulate air pollution and allergens in enhancing allergic and airway responses","volume":"1","author":"Polosa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-017-0608-9","article-title":"Occupation exposed to road-traffic emissions and respiratory health among Congolese transit workers, particularly bus conductors, in Kinshasa: A cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Mbelambela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220189_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-213549","article-title":"Taxi drivers and modifiable health behaviors: Is stress associated?","volume":"69","author":"Mirpuri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Work"}],"container-title":["Work"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/WOR-220189","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:56:53Z","timestamp":1777615013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/WOR-220189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/wor-220189","relation":{},"ISSN":["1051-9815","1875-9270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1051-9815","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]}}}