{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T17:27:02Z","timestamp":1782322022002,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WOR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Workplace violence is an important event that affects the safety of healthcare employees, and diagnosing it in hospitals is an immediate occupational concern. OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to investigate general health and the prevalence of occupational violence and to predict its consequences among nurses and paramedics as the main body in medical settings. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2020 in a selected hospital in Tehran, Iran. A total of 208 healthcare workers participated in the study. To study general health, exposure to workplace violence, job burnout, and productivity, the general health questionnaire (GHQ), the workplace violence questionnaire, the Maslach burnout questionnaire, and the workforce productivity questionnaire were provided to healthcare workers, respectively. Then, a multiple linear regression model was used to predict violence and its consequences. RESULTS: The results revealed that 34.1% of the participants have psychological disorders, and 74.5% have experienced one type of violence in their workplace at least once during the past year. The multiple linear regression model results indicated that workplace violence prevalence proved the ability to predict the increase in burnout and decrease in job productivity. CONCLUSION: Exposure to violence in the workplace significantly increases the risk of mental disorders associated with the risk of mental illness. Therefore, managing exposure to violence in the workplace is a practical step in improving general and mental health and ultimately increasing job productivity in medical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/wor-220447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T11:29:05Z","timestamp":1677583745000},"page":"343-354","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of general health, exposure to workplace violence, and predicting its consequences in health care employees in Iran"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Ali Asghar","family":"Sajedian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Akbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esfandiar","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Ahmadi Moshiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Sadeghi-Yarandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"9-10","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4916","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518792242","article-title":"Workplace violence in county hospitals in eastern China: Risk factors and hospital attitudes","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref2","unstructured":"The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 2006-144. 2006."},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref3","unstructured":"World report on violence and health. 2002."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.29252\/ArchHygSci.8.3.188","article-title":"Effectiveness of three ergonomic risk assessment tools, namely NERPA, RULA, and REBA, for screening musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"8","author":"Sadeghi Yarandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archives of Hygiene Sciences"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-213449","article-title":"Incidence of type II workplace violence in Catalan nursing homes","volume":"68","author":"Vidal-Mart\u00ed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref6","unstructured":"Babapour A , et al. Physical violence against 115 emergency medical personnel and its related factors in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, 2019. Journal of Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention. 2019."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22489","article-title":"Physical assault, physical threat, and verbal abuse perpetrated against hospital workers by patients or visitors in six U.S. hospitals","volume":"58","author":"Pompeii","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Industrial Medicine"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-203417","article-title":"Mathematical modeling on workplace violence hazard assessment and security analysis using Optimized Grey Dynamic System Theory","volume":"68","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Work"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2013.05.014","article-title":"Incidence and cost of nurse workplace violence perpetrated by hospital patients or patient visitors","volume":"40","author":"Speroni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Emergency Nursing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2018.1548437","article-title":"Long-term adverse health outcomes of physical workplace violence: A 7-year population-based follow-up study","volume":"28","author":"Friis","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2017.09.013","article-title":"Incidence, type, related factors, and effect of workplace violence on mental health nurses: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archives of Psychiatric Nursing"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2012.03.006","article-title":"Psychosocial precursors and physical consequences of workplace violence towards nurses: A longitudinal examination with naturally occurring groups in hospital settings","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12088","article-title":"Workplace violence and occupational stress in healthcare workers: A chicken-and-egg situation\u2014results of a 6-year follow-up study","volume":"46","author":"Magnavita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Scholarship"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnetz J , et al. Organizational determinants of workplace violence against hospital workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2018;60(8).","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001345"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref15","first-page":"9","article-title":"Workplace violence in different settings and among various health professionals in an Italian general hospital: A cross-sectional study","author":"Ferri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12112","article-title":"Prevalence and perpetrators of workplace violence by nursing unit and the relationship between violence and the perceived work environment","volume":"47","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Scholarship"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302855","article-title":"Workplace bullying and suicidal ideation: A 3-wave longitudinal Norwegian study","volume":"105","author":"Nielsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16010108","article-title":"Engagement, passion and meaning of work as modulating variables in nursing: A theoretical analysis","volume":"16","author":"G\u00f3mez-Salgado","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aprim.2016.05.004","article-title":"Risk factors and burnout levels in Primary Care nurses: A systematic review","volume":"49","author":"G\u00f3mez-Urquiza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atencion Primaria"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2017-0278","article-title":"Work engagement among participants of residency and professional development programs in nursing","volume":"71","author":"Louren\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2014.05.011","article-title":"Psychological consequences of aggression in pre-hospital emergency care: Cross sectional survey","volume":"52","author":"Bernaldo-De-Quir\u00f3s","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anr.2016.09.001","article-title":"Workplace violence and job outcomes of newly licensed nurses","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Nursing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2834.2009.01004.x","article-title":"Nurse turnover: The mediating role of burnout","volume":"17","author":"Leiter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Management"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201804-269PS","article-title":"The cost of caring: Emotion, burnout, and psychological distress in critical care clinicians","volume":"15","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of the American Thoracic Society"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008331","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008331","article-title":"Association of 12 h shifts and nurses\u2019 job satisfaction, burnout and intention to leave: Findings from a cross-sectional study of 12 European countries","volume":"5","author":"Dall\u2019Ora","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref26","first-page":"61","article-title":"Relationship between COVID-19-caused anxiety and job burnout among hospital staff: A cross-sectional study in the southeast of Iran","volume":"7","author":"Rahmani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Hygiene Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.21859\/johe-5.1.35","article-title":"Relationship between Stress and burnout of health workers","volume":"5","author":"Hamidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Occup Hyg Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.30699\/jergon.8.4.103","article-title":"Comparison of job satisfaction and job stress among nurses, operating room and anesthesia staff","volume":"8","author":"Rahmani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2017.12.005","article-title":"Quantification of burnout in emergency nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Emergency Nursing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burn.2014.07.004","article-title":"The consequences of burnout syndrome among healthcare professionals in Spain and Spanish speaking Latin American countries","volume":"1","author":"Su\u00f1er-Soler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Burnout Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref31","first-page":"160","article-title":"Increasing employee productivity, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment","volume":"41","author":"McNeese-Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hospital & Health Services Administration"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.12634","article-title":"Association between sleep quality and nurse productivity among Korean clinical nurses","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796004242","article-title":"The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care","volume":"27","author":"Goldberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-1-66","article-title":"The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): Translation and validation study of the Iranian version","volume":"1","author":"Montazeri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-6723.2011.01494.x","article-title":"Exposure of Iranian emergency medical technicians to workplace violence: A cross-sectional analysis","volume":"24","author":"Rahmani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emergency Medicine Australasia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2019.04.006","article-title":"Workplace violence against nurses, job satisfaction, burnout, and patient safety in Chinese hospitals","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nursing Outlook"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e995","DOI":"10.31661\/gmj.v7i0.995","article-title":"Evaluation of the Persian version of Maslach burnout inventory-human services survey among Iranian nurses: Validity and reliability","volume":"7","author":"Moalemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Galen Medical Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref38","first-page":"262","article-title":"Burnout in military hospital nurses in 2015 - A cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Iraqi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Military Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.12268","article-title":"Varicose veins of the legs among nurses: Occupational and demographic characteristics","volume":"21","author":"Sharif Nia","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Practice"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref40","unstructured":"Hersey P , Goldsmith M . A situational approach to performance planning. Training and Development Journal. 1980;34(11):38-+."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref41","first-page":"7","article-title":"A Survey Of Effective Factors in improvement Of Staff performance based on ACHIEVE Model in the view of managers (senior, administrative and nursing) in teaching hospitals in Isfahan","volume":"8","author":"Yaghoubi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref42","first-page":"25","article-title":"An investigation into the relationship of working life quality to organizational commitment and productivity in Jahrom Medical Science University","volume":"2","author":"Hatami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of New Approaches in Educational Administration"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref43","first-page":"571","article-title":"Predictors of job performance, work satisfaction, and productivity among korean hospital nurses","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jkan"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.1261","article-title":"Mental health and quality of life among doctors, nurses and other hospital staff","volume":"25","author":"Su","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stress and Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref45","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Relationship between work engagement, psychosocial risks, and mental health among Spanish nurses: A cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Garc\u00eda-Iglesias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref46","first-page":"27","article-title":"Factors related to the probability of suffering mental health problems in emergency care professionals","author":"Cruz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem"},{"issue":"2(32)","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref47","first-page":"113","article-title":"Exposure of nurses with physical violence in academic hospitals of Baqiyatallah Medical University","volume":"9","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Military Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0211183","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211183","article-title":"Prevalence of workplace violent episodes experienced by nurses in acute psychiatric settings","volume":"14","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anr.2011.11.001","article-title":"A survey of violence against staff working in the emergency department in Ankara, Turkey","volume":"5","author":"Talas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Nursing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20311","article-title":"Understanding the burnout experience: Recent research and its implications for psychiatry","volume":"15","author":"Maslach","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref51","first-page":"32","article-title":"Evaluation of verbal violence against emergency medical personnel at work in 2014","volume":"7","author":"Maghami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occupational Medicine"},{"issue":"73","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref52","first-page":"27","article-title":"Workplace violence against clinical workers in tabriz educational hospitals","volume":"24","author":"Sahebi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran Journal of Nursing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colegn.2015.11.004","article-title":"Australian nursing students\u2019 experience of bullying and\/or harassment during clinical placement","volume":"24","author":"Budden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Collegian"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref54","first-page":"44","article-title":"Occupational violence in nursing students in Arak, Iran","volume":"7","author":"Koohestani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"86","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref55","first-page":"49","article-title":"Study of prevalence of violence against nurses and related factors","volume":"18","author":"Aghilinejad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Razi Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0150246","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150246","article-title":"Bullying in the American graduate medical education system: A national cross-sectional survey","volume":"11","author":"Chadaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref57","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2020."},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-220447_ref58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interventions for workplace violence against health-care professionals: A systematic review","author":"Kumari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Work"}],"container-title":["Work"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/WOR-220447","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:57:32Z","timestamp":1777615052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/WOR-220447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/wor-220447","relation":{},"ISSN":["1051-9815","1875-9270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1051-9815","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]}}}