{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T12:34:47Z","timestamp":1792758887844,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712620800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WOR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: While effective apprehensions of non-compliant suspects are central to public safety, the minimal force needed to transition a suspect from standing to the ground, vital for apprehension success, has not been established. OBJECTIVE: To examine the technical-tactical behaviors of general duty police officers during simulated apprehensions and quantify the minimum force required to destabilize non-compliant suspects. METHODS: Task simulations conducted with 91 officers were analyzed to identify common grappling movements, strikes, control tactics, and changes in body posture. A separate assessment of 55 male officers aimed to determine the minimum force required for destabilization in five body regions (wrist, forearm, shoulder, mid-chest, and mid-back). Data are presented as mean\u00b1standard deviation. RESULTS: On average, apprehensions took 7.3\u00b13.2 seconds. While all officers used grappling movements (100%) and the majority employed control tactics (75%), strikes were seldom used (4%). Apprehensions typically began with a two-handed pull (97%; Contact Phase), 55% then attempted an arm bar takedown, followed by a two-handed cross-body pull (68%; Transition\/Control Phase), and a two-handed push to the ground (19%; Ground Phase). All officers began in the upright posture, with most shifting to squat (75%), kneel (58%), or bent (45%) postures to complete the apprehension. The minimum force required to disrupt balance differed across body regions (wrist: 54\u00b112\u200akg; forearm: 49\u00b112\u200akg; shoulder: 42\u00b110\u200akg; mid-chest: 44\u00b111\u200akg; mid-back: 30\u00b17\u200akg, all P\u200a&lt;\u200a0.05), except between the shoulder and chest (P\u200a=\u200a0.19). CONCLUSION: These findings provide insights that can enhance the design and accuracy of future apprehension evaluations and inform the optimization of law enforcement physical employment standards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/wor-230307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T12:42:33Z","timestamp":1711716153000},"page":"1341-1357","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Technical-tactical behavior analysis of general duty police officers during non-compliant suspect apprehensions: A novel approach to establish minimum force requirements"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Martin P.","family":"Poirier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Research and Development, Directorate of Fitness, Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Blacklock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Research and Development, Directorate of Fitness, Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Research and Development, Directorate of Fitness, Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Th\u00e9oret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Research and Development, Directorate of Fitness, Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Frei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Gagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Research and Development, Directorate of Fitness, Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-230307_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1108\/13639510110382232","article-title":"Police officer physical ability testing\u2013Re-validating a selection criterion","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Policing: An Int J Police Strategies Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/WOR-230307_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1139\/H09-121","article-title":"Identification and characterization of the critical physically demanding tasks encountered by correctional officers","volume":"35","author":"Jamnik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.3233\/WOR-230307_ref4","unstructured":"Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police. 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