{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:43:15Z","timestamp":1777891395311,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology: Clinical Applications of Diagnosis and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Patients with vertebral column deformations are exposed to high risks associated with ionising radiation exposure. Risks are further increased due to the serial X-ray images that are needed to measure and asses their spinal deformation using Cobb or superimposition methods. Therefore, optimising such X-ray practice, via reducing dose whilst maintaining image quality, is a necessity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>OBJECTIVES: With a specific focus on lateral thoraco-lumbar images for Cobb and superimposition measurements, this paper outlines a systematic procedure to the optimisation of X-ray practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>METHODS: Optimisation was conducted based on suitable image quality from minimal dose. Image quality was appraised using a visual-analogue-rating-scale, and Monte-Carlo modelling was used for dose estimation. The optimised X-ray practice was identified by imaging healthy normal-weight male adult living human volunteers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>RESULTS: The optimised practice consisted of: anode towards the head, broad focus, no OID or grid, 80 kVp, 32 mAs and 130 cm SID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>CONCLUSION: Images of suitable quality for laterally assessing spinal conditions using Cobb or superimposition measurements were produced from an effective dose of 0.05 mSv, which is 83% less than the average effective dose used in the UK for lateral thoracic\/lumbar exposures. This optimisation procedure can be adopted and use for optimisation of other radiographic techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/xst-140449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T07:08:59Z","timestamp":1575356939000},"page":"613-625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A systematic procedure to optimise dose and image quality for the \t\t\t measurement of inter-vertebral angles from lateral spinal projections using \t\t\t Cobb and superimposition methods"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Bashar","family":"Al Qaroot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prosthetics and Orthotics Department, The University\r\t\t\t of Jordan, Amman, Jordan"},{"name":"Centre for Health Sciences Research, University of\r\t\t\t Salford, Salford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Sciences Research, University of\r\t\t\t Salford, Salford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Twiste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Sciences Research, University of\r\t\t\t Salford, Salford, UK"},{"name":"United National Institute for Prosthetics {\\&} Orthotics Development, University of Salford, Salford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Sciences Research, University of\r\t\t\t Salford, Salford, UK"},{"name":"School of Computing, Science {\\&} Engineering, University of Salford, Salford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]},"container-title":["Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology: Clinical Applications of Diagnosis and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/XST-140449","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/XST-140449","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:02:18Z","timestamp":1777615338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/XST-140449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/XST-140449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/xst-140449","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-3996","1095-9114"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-3996","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9114","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}}}