{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:34:55Z","timestamp":1790393695519,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]],"date-time":"2017-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent advances in photon counting detection technology have led to significant research interest in X-ray imaging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As a tutorial level review, this paper covers a wide range of aspects related to X-ray photon counting detector characterization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The tutorial begins with a detailed description of the working principle and operating modes of a pixelated X-ray photon counting detector with basic architecture and detection mechanism. Currently available methods and techniques for charactering major aspects including energy response, noise floor, energy resolution, count rate performance (detector efficiency), and charge sharing effect of photon counting detectors are comprehensively reviewed. Other characterization aspects such as point spread function (PSF), line spread function (LSF), contrast transfer function (CTF), modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum (NPS), detective quantum efficiency (DQE), bias voltage, radiation damage, and polarization effect are also remarked.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cadmium telluride (CdTe) pixelated photon counting detector is employed for part of the characterization demonstration and the results are presented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review can serve as a tutorial for X-ray imaging researchers and investigators to understand, operate, characterize, and optimize photon counting detectors for a variety of applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/xst-16210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T11:22:06Z","timestamp":1510917726000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Tutorial on X-ray photon counting detector characterization"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Liqiang","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","article-title":"Characterization of a novel photon counting detector for clinical CT: Count rate, energy resolution, and noise performance","author":"Barber W.C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"BarberW.C., et al., Characterization of a novel photon counting detector for clinical CT: Count rate, energy resolution, and noise performance, Proc SPIE 7258, Medical Imaging (2009).","journal-title":"Proc SPIE 7258, Medical Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"Enabling photon counting clinical X-ray CT","author":"Taguchi K.","year":"2009","unstructured":"TaguchiK., et al., Enabling photon counting clinical X-ray CT, Nuclear Science Symposium Conference (NSS\/MIC) (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","article-title":"A tabletop clinical x-ray CT scanner with energy-resolving photon counting detectors","author":"Cammin J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"CamminJ., et al., A tabletop clinical x-ray CT scanner with energy-resolving photon counting detectors, Proc SPIE 7961, Medical Imaging (2011).","journal-title":"Proc SPIE 7961, Medical Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","article-title":"Compensation of nonlinear distortions in photon-counting spectral CT: Deadtime loss, spectral response, and beam hardening effects","author":"Cammin J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"CamminJ., et al., Compensation of nonlinear distortions in photon-counting spectral CT: Deadtime loss, spectral response, and beam hardening effects, Proc SPIE 8313, Medical Imaging (2012).","journal-title":"Proc SPIE 8313, Medical Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","volume-title":"Accuracy of linear attenuation coefficients measured with a photon counting CT system","author":"Kobayashi T.","year":"2012","unstructured":"KobayashiT., et al., Accuracy of linear attenuation coefficients measured with a photon counting CT system, Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS\/MIC) (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","volume-title":"Evaluation of CT images in the very low x-ray exposure with a photon counting detector with a CdTe semiconductor","author":"Kaibuki F.","year":"2013","unstructured":"KaibukiF., MatsumotoM. and OgawaK., Evaluation of CT images in the very low x-ray exposure with a photon counting detector with a CdTe semiconductor, Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS\/MIC) 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4820371"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2013.05.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"TomitaY. et al. 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