{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:46:41Z","timestamp":1777891601235,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["XST"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE: In this study, we present an appropriate angle of incidence to reduce the distortions in images of L4 and L5 during a general anteroposterior radiograph examination. METHOD: We selected 170 patients who had normal radiological findings among those who underwent anteroposterior and lateral examination for lumbar vertebrae. An optimum angle of incidence wa suggested through the statistical analysis by measuring the lumbar lordosis angle and the intervertebral disc angle in these 170 patients. RESULT: We suggested the incident angle (10.28\u00b0) of L4 and the incident angle (23.49\u00b0) of L5. We compared the distorted area ratios when the incident angle was 0\u00b0, 10\u00b0, and 23.5\u00b0 using the ATOM\u00ae phantom. The ratio for the L4 decreased from 14.90% to 12.11% and that of the L5 decreased from 15.25% to 13.72% after applying the angle of incidence. We determined the incident angle (9.34\u00b0) of L4 and (21.26\u00b0) of L5 below 30\u00b0 of LLA. Thus, we determined the incident angle (11.21\u00b0) of L4 and (25.73\u00b0) of L5 above 30\u00b0 of LLA. CONCLUSION: When you apply the optimum angle of incidence, the distortion of image was minimized and an image between the joints adjacent to the anteroposterior vertebral image with an accurate structure was obtained. As a result, we were able to improve the quality of the image and enhance diagnostic information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/xst-200786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T20:38:48Z","timestamp":1612298328000},"page":"297-306","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quality improvement of general anteroposterior radiographic image of vertebral body according to optimum angle of incidence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jong Hyeok","family":"Kwak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Yang-san Hospital, Yang-san, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi Hyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Pusan National University Yang-san Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yang-san, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyeong Rip","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Pusan National University Yang-san Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yang-san, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang Weon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Pusan National University Yang-san Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yang-san, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young Ha","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Pusan National University Yang-san Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yang-san, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geun Sung","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Pusan National University Yang-san Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yang-san, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong Wuk","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Pusan National University Yang-san Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yang-san, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hynu Chul","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin Sung","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soon Ki","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Pusan National University Yang-san Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yang-san, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-197901000-00009","article-title":"The influence of backrest inclination and lumbar support on lumbar lordosis","volume":"4","author":"Andersson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref2","first-page":"193","article-title":"Lordose lombar: estudo dos valores angulares e da participa\u00e7\u00e3o dos corpos vertebrais e discos intervertebrais,\u00e9","volume":"14","author":"Damasceno","year":"2006","journal-title":"dica Brasileira"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198511000-00003","article-title":"Evaluation of lumbar lordosis. A prospective and retrospective study","volume":"10","author":"Fernand","year":"1985","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198503000-00008","article-title":"The lumbar lordosis in acute and chronic low-back pain","volume":"10","author":"Hansson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200301150-00011","article-title":"Pelvic lordosis and alignment in spondylolisthesis","volume":"28","author":"Jackson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref7","first-page":"129","article-title":"A Study for Clinical and Radiological Correlation between Lumbar Lordotic Angle, Lumbar intervertebral disc Angle and Lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabiliation"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref8","unstructured":"Korean Orthopedic Society, Orthopedics, in, New College of Medicine, Seoul, 2006, pp. 110\u2013113."},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref9","unstructured":"Korean Society of Medical Imaging Technology, Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Clinical Diagnosis, in, Chung Ku Publisher, Seoul, 2001, pp. 92\u201398."},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.4055\/jkoa.1999.34.5.949","article-title":"Analysis of the Sagittal Alignment of Normal Spines","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Korean Orthop Assoc"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2017.0404.001","article-title":"A Lower T1 Slope as a Predictor of Subsidence in Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion with Stand-Alone Cages","volume":"60","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000132312.78469.7B","article-title":"Sagittal alignment of the spine and pelvis during growth","volume":"29","author":"Mac-Thiong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2013-0004","article-title":"The effect of breast shielding during lumbar spine radiography","volume":"47","author":"Mekis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiol Oncol"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322008000400015","article-title":"Correlation between lumbar lordosis angle and degree of gynoid lipodystrophy (cellulite) in asymptomatic women","volume":"63","author":"Milani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref15","first-page":"11","article-title":"A clinical observation for the lumbosacral angle changes between initial and follow up treatment in low back pain patients","volume":"10","author":"Noh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Oriental Rehab Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198801000-00003","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of the extensor musculature of the cervical spine","volume":"13","author":"Nolan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-200108000-00002","article-title":"Effects of lifestyle and work-related physical activity on the degree of lumbar lordosis and chronic low back pain in a Middle East population","volume":"14","author":"Nourbakhsh","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00090-0","article-title":"The effect of changes in foot sensation on plantar pressure and muscle activity","volume":"16","author":"Nurse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref19","unstructured":"Ondra S.L. , Marzouk S. , Spinal deformities: the essentials, in: Heary R.F. and Albert T.J. , eds., Thieme Medical Publishers, New York, 2007, pp. 59\u201365."},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199607010-00008","article-title":"Measurement of lumbar lordosis. Evaluation of intraobserver, interobserver, and technique variability","volume":"21","author":"Polly","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref21","first-page":"9","article-title":"Association of low back pain with lumbar lordosis and lumbosacral angle","volume":"20","author":"Shayesteh Azar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198207000-00003","article-title":"Reciprocal angulation of vertebral bodies in a sagittal plane: approach to references for the evaluation of kyphosis and lordosis","volume":"7","author":"Stagnara","year":"1982","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860000224","article-title":"Sagittal morphology and equilibrium of pelvis and spine","volume":"11","author":"Vaz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199110000-00010","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of two sitting postures on back and referred pain","volume":"16","author":"Williams","year":"1991","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2521080141","article-title":"Increased radiation dose to overweight and obese patients from radiographic examinations","volume":"252","author":"Yanch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4184\/jkss.2011.18.2.64","article-title":"Clinical Results of Unilateral Partial Vertebroplasty(UPVP) in Osteoporotic Vertebral Fracture","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Korean Soc Spine Surg"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-200786_ref27","first-page":"208","article-title":"Lumbar Disc Disease","volume":"6","author":"You","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Korean Soc Spine Surg"}],"container-title":["Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/XST-200786","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:07:33Z","timestamp":1777615653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/XST-200786"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/xst-200786","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-3996","1095-9114"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-3996","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9114","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]}}}