{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:49:29Z","timestamp":1777891769252,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["XST"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Several physical factors such as photon beam energy, electron beam energy, and dose rate may affect the dosimetric properties of polymer gel dosimeters. The photon beam energy and dose rate dependence of PASSAG gel dosimeter were previously evaluated. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the dosimetric properties of the optimized PASSAG gel samples in various electron beam energies. METHODS: The optimized PASSAG gel samples are first fabricated and irradiated to various electron energies (5, 7, 10 and 12\u200aMeV). Then, the response (R2) and sensitivity of gel samples are analyzed by magnetic resonance imaging technique at a dose range of 0 to 10\u200aGy, scanning room temperature range of 15 to 22 \u00b0C, and post-irradiation time range of 1 to 30 days. RESULTS: The R2-dose response and sensitivity of gel samples do not change under the evaluated electron beam energies (the differences are less than 5%). Furthermore, a dose resolution range of 11 to 38 cGy is obtained for the gel samples irradiated to different electron beam energies. Moreover, the findings show that the R2-dose response and sensitivity dependence of gel samples on electron beam energy varies over different scanning room temperatures and post-irradiation times. CONCLUSION: The dosimetric assessment of the optimized PASSAG gel samples provides the promising data for this dosimeter during electron beam radiotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/xst-230073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T12:33:55Z","timestamp":1684499635000},"page":"825-836","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dosimetric properties of PASSAG polymer gel dosimeter in electron beam radiotherapy using magnetic resonance imaging"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Tiancheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasir Q.","family":"Almajidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baghdad College of Medical Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sameer A.","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar-Ramadi, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Firas Rahi","family":"Alhachami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maher Abdulfadhil","family":"Gatea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Engineering Department College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wesam R.","family":"Kadhum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kut University College, Kut, Wasit, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3233\/XST-190625","article-title":"Dosimetric evaluation of PASSAG-U polymer gel dosimeter: Dependence of dose rate and photon energy","volume":"28","author":"Farhood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867330666221124155339"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2009.11.003","article-title":"Study on energy dependence of PAGAT polymer gel dosimeter evaluated using X-Ray CT","volume":"45","author":"Sellakumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiation Measurements"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-015-4469-7","article-title":"Investigation of an improved MAA-based polymer gel for thermal neutron dosimetry","volume":"307","author":"Abtahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref5","first-page":"419","article-title":"Optical computed tomography in PRESAGE(\u00ae) three-dimensional dosimetry: Challenges and prospective","volume":"13","author":"Khezerloo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.183550","article-title":"Dosimetric properties of new formulation of PRESAGE(\u00ae) with tin organometal catalyst: Development of sensitivity and stability to megavoltage energy","volume":"14","author":"Khezerloo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.3233\/XST-210911","article-title":"Skin dose measurement and estimating the dosimetric effect of applicator misplacement in gynecological brachytherapy: A patient and phantom study","volume":"29","author":"Majdaeen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/4\/023","article-title":"Dosimetric evaluation of a 2D pixel ionization chamber for implementation in clinical routine","volume":"52","author":"Herzen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine & Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2179167","article-title":"Two-dimensional ionization chamber arrays for IMRT plan verification","volume":"33","author":"Poppe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medical Physics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1567831","article-title":"A 2-D diode array and analysis software for verification of intensity modulated radiation therapy delivery","volume":"30","author":"Jursinic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medical Physics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2003.10.014","article-title":"Evaluation of a 2D diode array for IMRT quality assurance","volume":"70","author":"L\u00e9tourneau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiotherapy and Oncology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-017-0716-3","article-title":"Characterization of phenolic pellets for ESR dosimetry in photon beam radiotherapy","volume":"56","author":"Gallo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2012.12.039","article-title":"Comparative study of some new EPR dosimeters","volume":"95","author":"Alzimami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2017.03.009","article-title":"Characterization of the ESR response of alanine dosimeters to low-energy Cu-target X-tube photons","volume":"106","author":"Marrale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiation Measurements"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-013-0509-2","article-title":"Clinical applications of alanine\/electron spin resonance dosimetry","volume":"53","author":"Baffa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1559835","article-title":"Optical-CT gel-dosimetry I: basic investigations","volume":"30","author":"Oldham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medical Physics"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2018.08.018","article-title":"A systematic review of clinical applications of polymer gel dosimeters in radiotherapy","volume":"143","author":"Farhood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00723-021-01429-9","article-title":"The Effect of MRI Parameters on the Sensitivity and Dose Resolution of PASSAG Polymer Gel Dosimeter","volume":"52","author":"Haghighi Borujeini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Magnetic Resonance"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0730-725X(93)90030-H","article-title":"NMR relaxation enhancement in gels polymerized and cross-linked by ionizing radiation: a new approach to 3D dosimetry by MRI","volume":"11","author":"Maryanski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/3\/006","article-title":"Severe dose inaccuracies caused by an oxygen-antioxidant imbalance in normoxic polymer gel dosimeters","volume":"56","author":"Sedaghat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2017.06.002","article-title":"PRESAGE\u00ae as a solid 3-D radiation dosimeter: A review article","volume":"141","author":"Khezerloo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2016.08.008","article-title":"Characteristics of a novel polymer gel dosimeter formula for MRI scanning: Dosimetry, toxicity and temporal stability of response","volume":"32","author":"Abtahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physica Medica"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2012.10.004","article-title":"An evaluation of dosimetric characteristics of MAGIC gel modified by adding formaldehyde (MAGIC-f)","volume":"47","author":"Pavoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiation Measurements"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/5\/R01","article-title":"Polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"55","author":"Baldock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine and Biology"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/14\/001","article-title":"Polymer gel dosimeters with reduced toxicity: a preliminary investigation of the NMR and optical dose-response using different monomers","volume":"51","author":"Senden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine and Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-014-2983-7","article-title":"Optical and MRI investigations of an optimized acrylamide-based polymer gel dosimeter","volume":"300","author":"Abtahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2018.09.006","article-title":"A novel method for increasing the sensitivity of NIPAM polymer gel dosimeter","volume":"153","author":"Anaraki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-011-1001-6","article-title":"Preliminary investigation of a new type of propylene based gel dosimeter (DEMBIG)","volume":"288","author":"Hsieh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Radioanalytical Nuclear Chemistry"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref29","first-page":"155","article-title":"Preliminary study of a normoxic PAG gel dosimeter with tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride as an anti-oxidant","volume":"3","author":"Venning","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/16\/015","article-title":"Investigation of the PAGAT polymer gel dosimeter using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"50","author":"Venning","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2018.02.010","article-title":"Dosimetric characteristics of PASSAG as a new polymer gel dosimeter with negligible toxicity","volume":"147","author":"Farhood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-018-5940-z","article-title":"Evaluation of dose rate and photon energy dependence of PASSAG polymer gel dosimeter","volume":"317","author":"Farhood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2019.108470","article-title":"Improvement of the sensitivity of PASSAG polymer gel dosimeter by urea","volume":"166","author":"Aliasgharzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2021.109804","article-title":"The impact of various amounts of fabricating components on the response of PASSAG polymer gel dosimeter: An optimization study","volume":"190","author":"Aliasgharzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2017.02.022","article-title":"Evaluation of characteristics of high-energy electron beams using N-isopropyl-acrylamide gel dosimeter","volume":"140","author":"Shih","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/3\/012","article-title":"The fundamental radiation properties of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters: a comparison between a methacrylic acid based gel and acrylamide based gels","volume":"51","author":"De Deene","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/2\/312","article-title":"Dose resolution in radiotherapy polymer gel dosimetry: effect of echo spacing in MRI pulse sequence","volume":"46","author":"Baldock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine & Biology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/12\/010","article-title":"Radiation dose distributions in three dimensions from tomographic optical density scanning of polymer gels: II. Optical properties of the BANG polymer gel","volume":"41","author":"Marya\u00f1ski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine and Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597717","article-title":"Radiation therapy dosimetry using magnetic resonance imaging of polymer gels","volume":"23","author":"Maryanski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Medical Physics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1414307","article-title":"Energy and dose rate dependence of BANG-2 polymer-gel dosimeter","volume":"28","author":"Novotny","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medical Physics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref41","first-page":"31","article-title":"Verification of dose rate and energy dependence of MAGICA polymer gel dosimeter with electron beams","volume":"6","author":"Adineh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iran J Radiat Res"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5269","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/18\/002","article-title":"Polymer gel dosimeters with enhanced sensitivity for use in x-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"55","author":"Jirasek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2016.12.007","article-title":"Three-dimensional quality assurance of IMRT prostate plans using gel dosimetry","volume":"34","author":"Silveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physica Medica"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-017-0573-z","article-title":"Polymer gel dosimeters with PVA-GA matrix","volume":"40","author":"Abtahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2006.05.167","article-title":"High-resolution gel dosimetry of a HDR brachytherapy source using normoxic polymer gel dosimeters: Preliminary study, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers","volume":"565","author":"Hurley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Detectors and Associated Equipment"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230073_ref46","first-page":"34","article-title":"Essential characteristics of polymer gel dosimeters","volume":"3","author":"De Deene","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"}],"container-title":["Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/XST-230073","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:10:30Z","timestamp":1777615830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.medra.org\/servlet\/aliasResolver?alias=iospress&doi=10.3233\/XST-230073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/xst-230073","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-3996","1095-9114"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-3996","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9114","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]}}}