{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:38:46Z","timestamp":1791913126153,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["XST"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Neonatal patients located in incubators are exposed to as many as 159 radiographs until discharge. To reduce the dose exposed to the patient, factors that may cause unnecessary exposure to the patient were judged. When conducting portable X-rays of neonatal patients located in an incubator, it is not easy to determine the exact field size because collimation light is exposed on the acrylic plate, an incubator canopy, and the resulting shadow is reflected on the patient\u2019s body. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to measure the organ dose exposed to the patient according to the field size when a portable radiograph is given to a neonatal patient in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) incubator. METHODS: To identify the absorbed organ dose depending on the radiation field size during portable X-ray examination of neonatal patient, a Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) simulation, a SpeckCalc program, and a neonatal phantom from the ICRP 89 are applied for the calculation. According to the minimal field size (MinFS) standards of the European Commission (EC), the smaller field size is intended to measure tightly from the top of the lung apices to the bottom of the genitals; a larger field size is also calculated by adding 6\u200acm in width and length. RESULTS: Compared to the hospital C condition from the previous study, the larger and smaller field sizes are decreased by an average of 45% and 67%, respectively. Study results also show a 42% reduction in smaller field size compared to the larger field size. CONCLUSION: When taking chest and abdomen radiographic images of neonatal patients in incubators, appropriate field sizes are required to prevent inappropriate dose absorption for non-thoracic organs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/xst-230080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T12:48:17Z","timestamp":1691153297000},"page":"1115-1124","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Radiation dose evaluation to organs in neonatal patients by field size during potable X-ray examination in incubators: A Monte Carlo simulation study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ajin","family":"Jo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunhye","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/XST-230080_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-013-0417-1","article-title":"Radiation exposure in extremely low birth weight infants during their neonatal intensive care unit stay","volume":"9","author":"Iyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230080_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2015.07.002","article-title":"A comparative study of collimation in bedside chest radiography for preterm infants in two teaching hospitals","volume":"2","author":"Stollfuss","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Journal of Radiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230080_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-62-735-230","article-title":"Radiation dose to neonates on a Special Care Baby Unit","volume":"62","author":"Faulkner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230080_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nct050","article-title":"Estimation of organ and effective doses from newborn radiography of the chest and abdomen","volume":"156","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230080_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.10.020","article-title":"Effective dose from radiation exposure in medicine: Past, present, and future","volume":"79","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physica Medica"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230080_ref6","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection, The Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE), Quality Factor (Q), and Radiation Weighting Factor (wR) Stem Cell Biology with Respect to Carcinogenesis Aspects of Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 92, Oxford (2003)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/XST-230080_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3233\/XST-211091","article-title":"Evaluation of radiation dose to organs of neonatal patients during portable X-ray examination in incubators: A Monte Carlo simulation study","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/XST-230080_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/10\/3197","article-title":"Dose, dose-rate and field size effects on cell survival following exposure to non-uniform radiation fields","volume":"57","author":"Butterworth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230080_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2606.1","article-title":"Out-of-field neutron and leakage photon exposures and the associated risk of second cancers in high-energy photon radiotherapy: current status","volume":"176","author":"Takam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230080_ref10","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection, The Radiological Protection in Paediatric Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, ICRP Publication 121, Oxford (2013)."},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230080_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/74571469","article-title":"Lumbar spine radiography\u2013poor collimation practices after implementation of digital technology","volume":"84","author":"Zetterberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"The British Journal of Radiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/XST-230080_ref12","unstructured":"Carlton R.R. and Adler A.M. 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