{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T14:37:21Z","timestamp":1777559841294,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]},"DOI":"10.3233\/aic-150672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,22]],"date-time":"2015-09-22T19:48:20Z","timestamp":1442951300000},"page":"709-715","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Emergence of cooperation via intention recognition, commitment and apology\u00a0\u2013 A\u00a0research summary"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"The Anh","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AI-lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. E-mails:\u00a0T.Han@tees.ac.uk,\u00a0Tom.Lenaerts@ulb.ac.be"},{"name":"MLG, D\u00e9partement d\u2019Informatique, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"School of Computing, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Moniz Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA Laboratory for Computer Science and Informatics (NOVA LINCS), Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal. E-mail:\u00a0lmp@fct.unl.pt"}]},{"given":"Francisco C.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID and Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"ATP-group, CMAF, Instituto para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar, Lisbon, Portugal. E-mail:\u00a0franciscocsantos@ist.utl.pt"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Lenaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI-lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. E-mails:\u00a0T.Han@tees.ac.uk,\u00a0Tom.Lenaerts@ulb.ac.be"},{"name":"MLG, D\u00e9partement d\u2019Informatique, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2010.01.033","article-title":"The power of apology","volume":"107","author":"Abeler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Economics Letters"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref2","unstructured":"[2]R.\u00a0Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation, Basic Books, New York, 1984, ISBN: 0-465-02122-0."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055400185016","article-title":"An evolutionary approach to norms","volume":"80","author":"Axelrod","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[4]E.\u00a0Bonabeau, M.\u00a0Dorigo and G.\u00a0Theraulaz, Swarm Intelligence: From Natural to Artificial Systems, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, NY, 1999.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195131581.001.0001"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref5","unstructured":"[5]M.E.\u00a0Bratman, Intention, Plans, and Practical Reason, The David Hume Series, CSLI, 1987."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00261286","article-title":"Planning and the stability of intention","volume":"2","author":"Bratman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Minds and Machines"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00284.x","article-title":"Plans and resource-bounded practical reasoning","volume":"4","author":"Bratman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[8]C.\u00a0Castelfranchi and R.\u00a0Falcone, Principles of trust for MAS: Cognitive anatomy, social importance, and quantification, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Multi Agent Systems, IEEE, 1998, pp.\u00a072\u201379.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMAS.1998.699034"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[9]C.\u00a0Castelfranchi and R.\u00a0Falcone, Trust Theory: A Socio-Cognitive and Computational Model, Wiley Series in Agent Technology, Wiley, 2010.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470519851"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(93)90060-O","article-title":"A Bayesian model of plan recognition","volume":"64","author":"Charniak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-012-9581-3","article-title":"Enforcing compliance with environmental agreements in the absence of strong institutions: An experimental analysis","volume":"54","author":"Cherry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environmental and Resource Economics"},{"issue":"2,3","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(90)90055-5","article-title":"Intention is choice with commitment","volume":"42","author":"Cohen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/415137a","article-title":"Altruistic punishment in humans","volume":"415","author":"Fehr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geb.2013.09.003","article-title":"On the acceptance of apologies","volume":"82","author":"Fischbacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Games and Economic Behavior"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref15","unstructured":"[15]R.H.\u00a0Frank, Cooperation through emotional commitment, in: Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment, R.M.\u00a0Nesse, ed., Russell Sage, New York, 2001, pp.\u00a055\u201376."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref16","unstructured":"[16]H.\u00a0Gintis, Beyond selfishness in modeling human behavior, in: Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment, R.M.\u00a0Nesse, ed., Russell Sage, New York, 2001."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.2307\/1914085","article-title":"Incentives in teams","volume":"41","author":"Groves","year":"1973","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[18]T.\u00a0Han, L.\u00a0Pereira, F.\u00a0Santos and T.\u00a0Lenaerts, Good agreements make good friends, Scientific Reports 3 (2013), 2695.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02695"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[19]T.A.\u00a0Han, Intention Recognition, Commitments and Their Roles in the Evolution of Cooperation: From Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Evolutionary Game Theory Models, SAPERE, Vol.\u00a09, Springer, 2013.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37512-5_8"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref20","unstructured":"[20]T.A.\u00a0Han and L.M.\u00a0Pereira, Context-dependent incremental intention recognition through Bayesian network model construction, in: Proceedings of the Eighth UAI Bayesian Modeling Applications Workshop (UAI-AW 2011), A.\u00a0Nicholson, ed., Vol.\u00a0818, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2011, pp.\u00a050\u201358."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3233\/IDT-130170","article-title":"Context-dependent incremental decision making scrutinizing the intentions of others via Bayesian network model construction","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intelligent Decision Technologies"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[22]T.A.\u00a0Han and L.M.\u00a0Pereira, Intention-based decision making and its applications, in: Human Behavior Recognition Technologies: Intelligent Applications for Monitoring and Security, H.\u00a0Guesgen and S.\u00a0Marsland, eds, IGI Global, 2013, pp.\u00a0174\u2013211 (Chapter\u00a09).","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-3682-8.ch009"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3233\/AIC-130559","article-title":"State-of-the-art of intention recognition and its use in decision making\u00a0\u2013 A research summary","volume":"26","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"AI Communication Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref24","first-page":"264","article-title":"Intention recognition promotes the emergence of cooperation","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adaptive Behavior"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref25","unstructured":"[25]T.A.\u00a0Han, L.M.\u00a0Pereira and F.C.\u00a0Santos, The role of intention recognition in the evolution of cooperative behavior, in: Proceedings of the 22nd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u20192011), T.\u00a0Walsh, ed., AAAI, 2011, pp.\u00a01684\u20131689."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1162\/ARTL_a_00072","article-title":"Corpus-based intention recognition in cooperation dilemmas","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Artificial Life Journal"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref27","unstructured":"[27]T.A.\u00a0Han, L.M.\u00a0Pereira and F.C.\u00a0Santos, The emergence of commitments and cooperation, in: AAMAS\u20192012, 2012, pp.\u00a0559\u2013566."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[28]T.A.\u00a0Han, L.M.\u00a0Pereira and F.C.\u00a0Santos, Intention recognition, commitment, and the evolution of cooperation, in: Proceedings of IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE, 2012, pp.\u00a01\u20138.","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2012.6256472"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref29","unstructured":"[29]T.A.\u00a0Han, L.M.\u00a0Pereira, F.C.\u00a0Santos and T.\u00a0Lenearts, Why is it so hard to say sorry: The evolution of apology with commitments in the iterated Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma, in: IJCAI\u20192013, 2013, pp.\u00a0177\u2013183."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[30]T.A.\u00a0Han, A.\u00a0Saptawijaya and L.M.\u00a0Pereira, Moral reasoning under uncertainty, in: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Logic for Programming, Artificial Intelligence and Reasoning (LPAR-18), LNCS, Vol.\u00a07180, Springer, 2012, pp.\u00a0212\u2013227.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28717-6_18"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref31","unstructured":"[31]T.A.\u00a0Han, L.\u00a0Tran-Thanh and N.R.\u00a0Jennings, The cost of interference in evolving systems, in: The 17th International Workshop on Coordination, Organisations, Institutions and Norms (COIN 2014), 2014."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1126\/science.162.3859.1243","article-title":"The tragedy of the commons","volume":"162","author":"Hardin","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[33]M.R.\u00a0Hasan and A.\u00a0Raja, Emergence of cooperation using commitments and complex network dynamics, in: 2013 IEEE\/WIC\/ACM International Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence (WI) and Intelligent Agent Technologies (IAT), Vol.\u00a02, IEEE, 2013, pp.\u00a0345\u2013352.","DOI":"10.1109\/WI-IAT.2013.130"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[35]J.\u00a0Hofbauer and K.\u00a0Sigmund, Evolutionary Games and Population Dynamics, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139173179"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref36","unstructured":"[36]M.O.\u00a0Jackson, Mechanism theory, in: The Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, 2000."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.2307\/2951643","article-title":"Mechanism design by competing sellers","volume":"61","author":"McAfee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref39","unstructured":"[39]A.N.\u00a0Meltzoff, Imitation and other minds: The \u201clike me\u201d hypothesis, in: Perspectives on Imitation: From Neuroscience to Social Science. Imitation, Human Development, and Culture, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2005, pp.\u00a055\u201377."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2307\/1912346","article-title":"Incentive compatibility and the bargaining problem","volume":"47","author":"Myerson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[41]M.\u00a0Naor, B.\u00a0Pinkas and R.\u00a0Sumner, Privacy preserving auctions and mechanism design, in: Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, ACM, 1999, pp.\u00a0129\u2013139.","DOI":"10.1145\/336992.337028"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref42","unstructured":"[42]R.M.\u00a0Nesse, Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment, Russell Sage Foundation Series on Trust, Russell Sage, 2001."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref43","unstructured":"[43]R.M.\u00a0Nesse, Natural selection and the capacity for subjective commitment, in: Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment, R.M.\u00a0Nesse, ed., Russell Sage, New York, 2001, pp.\u00a01\u201344."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[44]N.\u00a0Nisan and A.\u00a0Ronen, Algorithmic mechanism design, in: Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, ACM, 1999, pp.\u00a0129\u2013140.","DOI":"10.1145\/301250.301287"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[45]M.A.\u00a0Nowak, Evolutionary Dynamics: Exploring the Equations of Life, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 2006.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjghw98"},{"issue":"5805","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133755","article-title":"Five rules for the evolution of cooperation","volume":"314","author":"Nowak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/355250a0","article-title":"Tit for tat in heterogeneous populations","volume":"355","author":"Nowak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2008.09.004","article-title":"Do sincere apologies need to be costly? Test of a costly signaling model of apology","volume":"30","author":"Ohtsubo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[49]L.M.\u00a0Pereira and T.A.\u00a0Han, Intention recognition via causal Bayes networks plus plan generation, in: Progress in Artificial Intelligence, Proceedings of 14th Portuguese International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (EPIA\u201909), LNAI, Vol.\u00a05816, Springer, 2009, pp.\u00a0138\u2013149.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04686-5_12"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[50]L.M.\u00a0Pereira and T.A.\u00a0Han, Intention recognition with evolution prospection and causal Bayesian networks, in: Computational Intelligence for Engineering Systems 3: Emergent Applications, Springer, 2011, pp.\u00a01\u201333.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0093-2_1"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10458-009-9108-7","article-title":"Evolutionary mechanism design: A review","volume":"21","author":"Phelps","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[53]D.\u00a0Ross, Economic Theory and Cognitive Science: Microexplanation, MIT Press, 2005.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2600.001.0001"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[55]P.\u00a0Roy, B.\u00a0Bouchard, A.\u00a0Bouzouane and S.\u00a0Giroux, A hybrid plan recognition model for Alzheimer\u2019s patients: Interleaved-erroneous dilemma, in: Proceedings of IEEE\/WIC\/ACM International Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology, 2007, pp.\u00a0131\u2013137.","DOI":"10.1109\/IAT.2007.17"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[56]F.\u00a0Sadri, Logic-based approaches to intention recognition, in: Handbook of Research on Ambient Intelligence: Trends and Perspectives, 2011, pp.\u00a0346\u2013375.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-61692-857-5.ch018"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref57","unstructured":"[57]T.C.\u00a0Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict, Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1990."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref58","unstructured":"[58]J.R.\u00a0Searle, The Construction of Social Reality, The Free Press, New York, 1995."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[59]J.R.\u00a0Searle, Making the Social World: The Structure of Human Civilization, Oxford Univ. Press, 2010.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780195396171.001.0001"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[60]K.\u00a0Sigmund, The Calculus of Selfishness, Princeton Univ. Press, 2010.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400832255"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[61]M.\u00a0Tomasello, Origins of Human Communication, MIT Press, 2008.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7551.001.0001"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2004.01.002","article-title":"Toward a more civilized design: Studying the effects of computers that apologize","volume":"61","author":"Tzeng","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2753\/JEC1086-4415130304","article-title":"On-line reputation systems: The effects of feedback comments and reactions on building and rebuilding trust in on-line auctions","volume":"13","author":"Utz","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Electronic Commerce"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[64]M.\u00a0Winikoff, Implementing commitment-based interactions, in: AAMAS\u20192007, 2007, pp.\u00a0868\u2013875.","DOI":"10.1145\/1329125.1329283"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/AIC-150672_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/logcom\/9.4.563","article-title":"The cooperative problem-solving process","volume":"9","author":"Wooldridge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Logic and Computation"}],"container-title":["AI Communications"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/AIC-150672","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:27:18Z","timestamp":1777400838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.medra.org\/servlet\/aliasResolver?alias=iospress&doi=10.3233\/AIC-150672"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/aic-150672","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-8452","0921-7126"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-8452","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0921-7126","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]}}}