{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T15:56:48Z","timestamp":1762876608908,"version":"3.40.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IOS Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781643685786","type":"print"},{"value":"9781643685793","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Life sciences have a long history of driving advancements in various disciplines, including mathematics, philosophy, and logic. In recent years, life sciences have also become a significant application area for Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, including for neuro-symbolic AI methods. The life sciences knowledge infrastructure, characterized by its widespread use of ontologies, complex annotation models, large size, and community standards, presents unique challenges and opportunities for neuro-symbolic AI. We outline how neuro-symbolic methods have been applied and developed to address these challenges. We describe semantic similarity measures, knowledge graph embeddings, ontology embeddings, and knowledge-enhanced learning in the context of formalized life science knowledge. While there has been significant progress, we also outline multiple remaining challenges that provide opportunities for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/faia250239","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T08:36:37Z","timestamp":1742373397000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neuro-Symbolic AI in Life Sciences"],"prefix":"10.3233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8149-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Hoehndorf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Program, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1847-9393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catia","family":"Pesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LASIGE, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0710-2259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Zhapa-Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Program, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"7437","container-title":["Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","Handbook on Neurosymbolic AI and Knowledge Graphs"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/pdf\/doi\/10.3233\/FAIA250239","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T08:36:37Z","timestamp":1742373397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/doi\/10.3233\/FAIA250239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"ISBN":["9781643685786","9781643685793"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/faia250239","relation":{},"ISSN":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0922-6389","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-8314","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]}}}