{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T16:37:28Z","timestamp":1778690248048,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Accumulating evidence suggests that gut inflammation is implicated in neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases. Despite the numerous connections it remains unclear how the gut and the brain communicate and whether gut dysbiosis is the cause or consequence of these pathologies. Importantly, several reports highlight the importance of mitochondria in the gut-brain axis, as well as in mechanisms like gut epithelium self-renewal, differentiation, and homeostasis. Herein we comprehensively address the important role of mitochondria as a cellular hub in infection and inflammation and as a link between inflammation and neurodegeneration in the gut-brain axis. The role of mitochondria in gut homeostasis and as well the crosstalk between mitochondria and gut microbiota is discussed. Significantly, we also review studies highlighting how gut microbiota can ultimately affect the central nervous system. Overall, this review summarizes novel findings regarding this cross-talk where the mitochondria has a main role in the pathophysiology of both Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease strengthen by cellular, animal and clinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-240524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T12:52:23Z","timestamp":1718110343000},"page":"413-429","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Gut-Brain Axis in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Diseases: The Catalytic Role of Mitochondria"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Emanuel","family":"Candeias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2013Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Raquel","family":"Pereira-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2013Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Ph.D. Programme in Biomedicine and Experimental Biology (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Empadinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2013Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sandra Morais","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2013Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Raquel Fernandes","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2013Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IIIUC\u2013Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999001","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.999001","article-title":"Human gut microbiota in health and disease: Unveiling the relationship","volume":"13","author":"Afzaal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.10.068","article-title":"Gut microbiota and immunity relevance in eubiosis and dysbiosis","volume":"29","author":"Al-Rashidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s40495-019-00196-3","article-title":"Gut microbiota, dietary phytochemicals and benefits to human health","volume":"5","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R036012","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism","volume":"54","author":"den Besten","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2012.08.005","article-title":"Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: A gut microbiota perspective","volume":"24","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.11.005","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids are potential mediators in gut inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Akhtar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832672","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.832672","article-title":"Crosstalk between the gut microbiota and epithelial cells under physiological and infectious conditions","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7","article-title":"Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18849","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in the gut","volume":"535","author":"Baumler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1455790","article-title":"Gut microbiota as a source of novel antimicrobials","volume":"10","author":"Garcia-Gutierrez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9254","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239254","article-title":"Secretory IgA in intestinal mucosal secretions as an adaptive barrier against microbial cells","volume":"21","author":"Pietrzak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160510","article-title":"Introduction to the human gut microbiota","volume":"474","author":"Thursby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13333","article-title":"Gut-organ axis: A microbial outreach and networking","volume":"72","author":"Ahlawat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00460-0","article-title":"The gut microbiota-brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders","volume":"19","author":"Morais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12908","article-title":"The microbiota-microglia axis in central nervous system disorders","volume":"30","author":"Mossad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref18","first-page":"203","article-title":"The gut-brain axis: Interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems","volume":"28","author":"Carabotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","article-title":"Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS","volume":"18","author":"Erny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.042","article-title":"Microbiome influences prenatal and adult microglia in a sex-specific manner","volume":"172","author":"Thion","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64173-3","article-title":"Bifidobacteria shape host neural circuits during postnatal development by promoting synapse formation and microglial function","volume":"10","author":"Luck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4476","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Fung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170915141036","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric disorders: Pathophysiological mechanisms and novel treatments","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263ra158","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009759","article-title":"The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice","volume":"6","author":"Braniste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1638722","article-title":"Gut microbes and metabolites as modulators of blood-brain barrier integrity and brain health","volume":"11","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014","article-title":"What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? A changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Rinninella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5127157","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5127157","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in various neurological and psychiatric disorders-an evidence mapping based on quantified evidence","volume":"2023","author":"Zang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10322","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210322","article-title":"The crosstalk between gut microbiota and nervous system: A bidirectional interaction between microorganisms and metabolome","volume":"24","author":"Montagnani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1686-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"124","author":"Tysnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5416-4_16","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"65","author":"Mhyre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subcell Biochem"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-021-01066-7","article-title":"The gut-brain axis: Two ways signaling in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"42","author":"Dogra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.14.2.223","article-title":"An essay on the shaking palsy. 1817","volume":"14","author":"Parkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12289","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012289","article-title":"The interplay between gut microbiota and Parkinson\u2019s disease: Implications on diagnosis and treatment","volume":"23","author":"Varesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14952","article-title":"Leveraging sequence-based faecal microbial community survey data to identify alterations in gut microbiota among patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"53","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00156-z","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the Parkinson\u2019s disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Romano","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26069","article-title":"Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson\u2019s disease and clinical phenotype","volume":"30","author":"Scheperjans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy190","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease: A nationwide Swedish cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Weimers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1830694","article-title":"Characterization of the intestinal microbiota during Citrobacter rodentium infection in a mouse model of infection-triggered Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Cannon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3745","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02375-0","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Implications of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"58","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010071","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and the metal-microbiome-gut-brain axis: A systems toxicology approach","volume":"11","author":"Forero-Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046910","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1046910","article-title":"A review of studies on gut microbiota and levodopa metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937555","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.937555","article-title":"Gut microbiota: A novel therapeutic target for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101396","article-title":"The neuromicrobiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A unifying theory","volume":"70","author":"Munoz-Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10040206","article-title":"Probiotics alleviate the progressive deterioration of motor functions in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Hsieh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326023","article-title":"Footprints of a microbial toxin from the gut microbiome to mesencephalic mitochondria","volume":"72","author":"Esteves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-022-00338-8","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Epidemiology and clinical progression","volume":"11","author":"Tahami Monfared","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01146-2","article-title":"Current understanding of the Alzheimer\u2019s disease-associated microbiome and therapeutic strategies","volume":"56","author":"Seo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171133","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s amyloid-beta is an antimicrobial peptide: A review of the evidence","volume":"62","author":"Gosztyla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-223461","article-title":"Exploring the connection between the gut microbiome and Parkinson\u2019s disease symptom progression and pathology: Implications for supplementary treatment options","volume":"12","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref50","first-page":"127","article-title":"Pathogenic microbes, the microbiome, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD)","volume":"6","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41802","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41802","article-title":"Reduction of Abeta amyloid pathology in APPPS1 transgenic mice in the absence of gut microbiota","volume":"7","author":"Harach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340ra72","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf1059","article-title":"Amyloid-beta peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00378-4","article-title":"Microbial involvement in Alzheimer disease development and progression","volume":"15","author":"Bulgart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-019-0216-x","article-title":"Sodium oligomannate therapeutically remodels gut microbiota and suppresses gut bacterial amino acids-shaped neuroinflammation to inhibit Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-00988-5","article-title":"Different effects of constitutive and induced microbiota modulation on microglia in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Mezo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2023.111787","article-title":"Gut-brain axis through the lens of gut microbiota and their relationships with Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology: Review and recommendations","volume":"211","author":"Krishaa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2023.02.014","article-title":"Gut microbiota, an additional hallmark of human aging and neurodegeneration","volume":"518","author":"Molinero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11338","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111338","article-title":"Mitochondria as a cellular hub in infection and inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Andrieux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref59","first-page":"7","article-title":"From bioblasts to mitochondria: Ever expanding roles of mitochondria in cell physiology","volume":"1","author":"O\u2019Rourke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2009.04.003","article-title":"Cardiolipin membrane domains in prokaryotes and eukaryotes","volume":"1788","author":"Mileykovskaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2011.10.008","article-title":"Mitochondrial-nuclear co-evolution and its effects on OXPHOS activity and regulation","volume":"1819","author":"Bar-Yaacov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/290457a0","article-title":"Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome","volume":"290","author":"Anderson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12985","article-title":"Mitochondrial form and function","volume":"505","author":"Friedman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09486","article-title":"The energetics of genome complexity","volume":"467","author":"Lane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4443","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.13.4443","article-title":"Mitochondrial origins","volume":"82","author":"Yang","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04546","article-title":"Eukaryotic evolution, changes and challenges","volume":"440","author":"Embley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.09.015","article-title":"The origin and diversification of mitochondria","volume":"27","author":"Roger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref68","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mitochondria, pattern recognition receptors and autophagy under physiological and pathological conditions, including viral infections","volume":"69","author":"Niedzwiedzka-Rystwej","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Pol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00046-08","article-title":"Pathogen recognition and inflammatory signaling in innate immune defenses","volume":"22","author":"Mogensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)00050-3","article-title":"NF-kappaB and the innate immune response","volume":"12","author":"Hatada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008470","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008470","article-title":"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species as major effectors of antimicrobial immunity","volume":"16","author":"Shekhova","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2128","article-title":"Antimicrobial mechanisms of phagocytes and bacterial evasion strategies","volume":"7","author":"Flannagan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.BAI-0016-2019"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.03.006","article-title":"Dynamin-related protein Drp1 and mitochondria are important for Shigella flexneri infection","volume":"304","author":"Lum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.08.001","article-title":"Orchestrating the interferon antiviral response through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) adapter","volume":"23","author":"Belgnaoui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0461522","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04615-22","article-title":"Mitofusin 1-mediated redistribution of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein promotes type 1 interferon response in human cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2009.258","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics regulate the RIG-I-like receptor antiviral pathway","volume":"11","author":"Castanier","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10866","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910866","article-title":"Research progress of mitochondrial mechanism in NLRP3 inflammasome activation and exercise regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-07-273417","article-title":"Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases","volume":"117","author":"Dinarello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1100\/2011\/212680","article-title":"Role of the inflammasome, IL-1beta, and IL-18 in bacterial infections","volume":"11","author":"Sahoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2017.12.001","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"41","author":"Dela Cruz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.001","article-title":"Mitochondrial cardiolipin is required for Nlrp3 inflammasome activation","volume":"39","author":"Iyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2011.09.003","article-title":"The complexity of cardiolipin in health and disease","volume":"37","author":"Claypool","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09663","article-title":"A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"469","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M608083200","article-title":"ATP activates a reactive oxygen species-dependent oxidative stress response and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages","volume":"282","author":"Cruz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326023","article-title":"Footprints of a microbial toxin from the gut microbiome to mesencephalic mitochondria","volume":"72","author":"Esteves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1980","article-title":"Autophagy proteins regulate innate immune responses by inhibiting the release of mitochondrial DNA mediated by the NALP3 inflammasome","volume":"12","author":"Nakahira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49799","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201949799","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA in inflammation and immunity","volume":"21","author":"Riley","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14156","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA stress primes the antiviral innate immune response","volume":"520","author":"West","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.01.009","article-title":"Oxidized mitochondrial DNA activates the NLRP3 inflammasome during apoptosis","volume":"36","author":"Shimada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.02.054","article-title":"The adaptor MAVS promotes NLRP3 mitochondrial localization and inflammasome activation","volume":"153","author":"Subramanian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-00879-6","article-title":"Mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns amplify neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"43","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2017.06.011","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in glial cells: Implications for neuronal homeostasis and survival","volume":"391","author":"Rose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104908","article-title":"Repairing mitochondrial dysfunction in disease","volume":"58","author":"Sorrentino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14298","article-title":"Mitochondria, energy, and metabolism in neuronal health and disease","volume":"596","author":"Trigo","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14670","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903563106","article-title":"Mitochondrial bioenergetic deficit precedes Alzheimer\u2019s pathology in female mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"106","author":"Yao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.178","article-title":"Selective neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson disease","volume":"18","author":"Surmeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1903-2","article-title":"Region-specific depletion of synaptic mitochondria in the brains of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"136","author":"Pickett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101254","article-title":"PINK1-parkin pathway of mitophagy protects against contrast-induced acute kidney injury via decreasing mitochondrial ROS and NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7505","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0541-18.2018","article-title":"Evidence for compartmentalized axonal mitochondrial biogenesis: Mitochondrial DNA replication increases in distal s as an early response to Parkinson\u2019s disease-relevant stress","volume":"38","author":"Van Laar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.026294","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A role for alpha-synuclein?","volume":"10","author":"Pozo Devoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2009.07.014","article-title":"Regulation of neuron mitochondrial biogenesis and relevance to brain health","volume":"1802","author":"Onyango","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2017.03.009","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Bioenergetics, redox homeostasis and central carbon metabolism","volume":"133","author":"Anandhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S405","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-179911","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: From basic neurobiology to clinical approaches","volume":"64","author":"Clarke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00580-7","article-title":"Protein oxidation in the brain in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"103","author":"Aksenov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729194","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/729194","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome: An important risk factor for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2014","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2019.06.009","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics and transport in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"98","author":"Flannery","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.07.010","article-title":"Mitochondrial traffic jams in Alzheimer\u2019s disease - pinpointing the roadblocks","volume":"1862","author":"Correia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0332-9","article-title":"Mitophagy inhibits amyloid-beta and tau pathology and reverses cognitive deficits in models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052358","article-title":"Microglia function in the central nervous system during health and neurodegeneration","volume":"35","author":"Colonna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.05.004","article-title":"Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"94","author":"Subhramanyam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.09.126","article-title":"Inflammatory production of reactive oxygen species by Drosophila hemocytes activates cellular immune defenses","volume":"505","author":"Myers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13428","article-title":"ROS in gastrointestinal inflammation: Rescue or sabotage?","volume":"174","author":"Aviello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21673","article-title":"Interplay between metabolic identities in the intestinal crypt supports stem cell function","volume":"543","author":"Rodriguez-Colman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319514","article-title":"Mitochondrial impairment drives intestinal stem cell transition into dysfunctional Paneth cells predicting Crohn\u2019s disease recurrence","volume":"69","author":"Khaloian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw3159","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaw3159","article-title":"Host mitochondria influence gut microbiome diversity: A role for ROS","volume":"12","author":"Yardeni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-257","article-title":"mtDNA haplogroup and single nucleotide polymorphisms structure human microbiome communities","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13171","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13171","article-title":"Mitochondrial function controls intestinal epithelial stemness and proliferation","volume":"7","author":"Berger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201694781","article-title":"Mitochondrial chaperone HSP-60 regulates anti-bacterial immunity via p38 MAP kinase signaling","volume":"36","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24819","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908977116","article-title":"PPARalpha-targeted mitochondrial bioenergetics mediate repair of intestinal barriers at the host-microbe intersection during SIV infection","volume":"116","author":"Crakes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10184","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.688812","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1alpha) protects against experimental murine colitis","volume":"291","author":"Cunningham","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217165","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1217165","article-title":"Oxidative stress, hormones, and effects of natural antioxidants on intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Sahoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref123","first-page":"121","article-title":"Targeting microbiota-mitochondria inter-talk: Microbiota control mitochondria metabolism","volume":"61","author":"Saint-Georges-Chaumet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0119712","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119712","article-title":"Nitrate reduction to nitrite, nitric oxide and ammonia by gut bacteria under physiological conditions","volume":"10","author":"Tiso","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1975-8","article-title":"Neuronal programming by microbiota regulates intestinal physiology","volume":"578","author":"Obata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904609","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1904609","article-title":"Sodium butyrate-modulated mitochondrial function in high-insulin induced HepG2 cell dysfunction","volume":"2020","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref127","first-page":"3745135","article-title":"Sodium butyrate ameliorates oxidative stress-induced intestinal epithelium barrier injury and mitochondrial damage through AMPK-mitophagy pathway","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43199","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43199","article-title":"Commensal gut bacteria modulate phosphorylation-dependent PPARgamma transcriptional activity in human intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"7","author":"Nepelska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09646","article-title":"Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate","volume":"469","author":"Fukuda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.11.002","article-title":"Butyrate modulates oxidative stress in the colonic mucosa of healthy humans","volume":"28","author":"Hamer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14252","article-title":"Early changes of fecal short-chain fatty acid levels in patients with mild cognitive impairments","volume":"29","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02544-7","article-title":"Serum short-chain fatty acids and its correlation with motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-023-02730-6"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4535194","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4535194","article-title":"Pathomechanisms of oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease and potential antioxidant therapies","volume":"2017","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21027","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction, persistent oxidative damage, and catalase inhibition in immune cells of naive and treated Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Beltran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref136","first-page":"4730539","article-title":"Gut microbiota in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, depression, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The role of oxidative stress","volume":"2019","author":"Luca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00475","article-title":"1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine induced Parkinson\u2019s disease in mouse: Potential association between neurotransmitter disturbance and gut microbiota dysbiosis","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-023-01147-x","article-title":"Gut microbiota-induced CXCL1 elevation triggers early neuroinflammation in the substantia nigra of Parkinsonian mice","volume":"45","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1405-y","article-title":"Intestinal infection triggers Parkinson\u2019s disease-like symptoms in Pink1(-\/-) mice","volume":"571","author":"Matheoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-04819-3","article-title":"Intestinal infection triggers mitochondria-mediated alpha-synuclein pathology: Relevance to Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"80","author":"J","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4339","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054339","article-title":"The role of bacteria-mitochondria communication in the activation of neuronal innate immunity: Implications to Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Magalhaes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02004-y","article-title":"Microbial BMAA elicits mitochondrial dysfunction, innate immunity activation, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease features in cortical neurons","volume":"17","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-12246-w","article-title":"Amyloid peptides with antimicrobial and\/or microbial agglutination activity","volume":"106","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(03)00127-1","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae induces Alzheimer-like amyloid plaques in brains of BALB\/c mice","volume":"25","author":"Little","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01008","article-title":"Impact of acute and chronic amyloid-beta peptide exposure on gut microbial commensals in the mouse","volume":"11","author":"Dos Santos Guilherme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006654","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006654","article-title":"The role of microbial amyloid in neurodegeneration","volume":"13","author":"Friedland","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-0593-1","article-title":"Urolithin A suppresses high glucose-induced neuronal amyloidogenesis by modulating TGM2-dependent ER-mitochondria contacts and calcium homeostasis","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000616","article-title":"Gut peptides and the microbiome: Focus on ghrelin","volume":"28","author":"Leeuwendaal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132417","article-title":"Impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and its enhancement with ghrelin in 5XFAD mice","volume":"41","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.12.005","article-title":"The host shapes the gut microbiota via fecal microRNA","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.770099","article-title":"Functional transcriptomics in diverse intestinal epithelial cell types reveals robust microRNA sensitivity in intestinal stem cells to microbial status","volume":"292","author":"Peck","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051349","article-title":"The impact of microRNAs on mitochondrial function and immunity: Relevance to Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Guedes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00113","article-title":"Common miRNA patterns of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease and their putative impact on commensal gut microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Hewel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604179","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604179","article-title":"The gut-brain axis: How microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology","volume":"11","author":"Rutsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02185-z","article-title":"miR155 regulation of behavior, neuropathology, and cortical transcriptomics in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"140","author":"Readhead","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01173","article-title":"Lower expression of microRNA-155 contributes to dysfunction of natural killer cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"8","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01819-y","article-title":"Alterations of transcription of genes coding anti-oxidative and mitochondria-related proteins in amyloid beta toxicity: Relevance to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"57","author":"Cieslik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2020.01.010","article-title":"miRNA-31 improves cognition and abolishes amyloid-beta pathology by targeting APP and BACE1 in an animal model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Barros-Viegas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.02.023","article-title":"MicroRNA-31 reduces inflammatory signaling and promotes regeneration in colon epithelium, and delivery of mimics in microspheres reduces colitis in mice","volume":"156","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12241","article-title":"Down regulation of miR-218, miR-124, and miR-144 relates to Parkinson\u2019s disease via activating NF-kappaB signaling","volume":"36","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2002.02059","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei LC01 regulates intestinal epithelial permeability through miR-144 targeting of OCLN and ZO1","volume":"30","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-011-0771-1","article-title":"Nrf2-dependent gene expression is affected by the proatherogenic apoE4 genotype-studies in targeted gene replacement mice","volume":"89","author":"Graeser","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-021-03333-x","article-title":"MicroRNA-93 blocks signal transducers and activator of transcription 3 to reduce neuronal damage in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0154351","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154351","article-title":"TNFalpha\/IFNgamma mediated intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction is attenuated by microRNA-93 downregulation of PTK6 in mouse colonic epithelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Haines","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2796","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.119","article-title":"MiR-106b and miR-93 regulate cell progression by suppression of PTEN via PI3K\/Akt pathway in breast cancer","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12030429","article-title":"The crosstalk between microbiome and mitochondrial homeostasis in neurodegeneration","volume":"12","author":"Borbolis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113402","article-title":"The role of microbiome in brain development and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"27","author":"Nandwana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2022.0104","article-title":"Functions of gut microbiota metabolites, current status and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798917","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.798917","article-title":"Interactions between intestinal microbiota and neural mitochondria: A new perspective on communicating pathway from gut to brain","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11811","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411811","article-title":"mTOR signaling pathway and gut microbiota in various disorders: Mechanisms and potential drugs in pharmacotherapy","volume":"24","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919424","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.919424","article-title":"Mitochondrial function and microbial metabolites as central regulators of intestinal immune responses and cancer","volume":"13","author":"Weber-Stiehl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13010169","article-title":"Exogenous players in mitochondria-related CNS disorders: Viral pathogens and unbalanced microbiota in the gut-brain axis","volume":"13","author":"Righetto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9029","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M607614200","article-title":"Clostridium difficile toxin B causes apoptosis in epithelial cells by thrilling mitochondria. Involvement of ATP-sensitive mitochondrial potassium channels","volume":"282","author":"Matarrese","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1373208","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2017.1373208","article-title":"Intestinal barrier and gut microbiota: Shaping our immune responses throughout life","volume":"5","author":"Takiishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2021.21.e20","article-title":"Gut-brain connection: Microbiome, gut barrier, and environmental sensors","volume":"21","author":"Gwak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immune Netw"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.035","article-title":"Propionic acid shapes the multiple sclerosis disease course by an immunomodulatory mechanism","volume":"180","author":"Duscha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.007","article-title":"Dietary fatty acids directly impact central nervous system autoimmunity via the small intestine","volume":"43","author":"Haghikia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.02.009","article-title":"Butyrate, neuroepigenetics and the gut microbiome: Can a high fiber diet improve brain health?","volume":"625","author":"Bourassa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e32834d0f1b","article-title":"Behavioral and neurochemical effects of sodium butyrate in an animal model of mania","volume":"22","author":"Moretti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2022.111572","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids: Microbial metabolites for gut-brain axis signalling","volume":"546","author":"O\u2019Riordan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11112730","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota-derived lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid and their derivatives on the function and differentiation of immune cells","volume":"11","author":"Kiriyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.248823","article-title":"Mechanistic target of rapamycin is a novel molecular mechanism linking folate availability and cell function","volume":"147","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030732","article-title":"The role of gut bacterial metabolites in brain development, aging and disease","volume":"13","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.044","article-title":"Aralar sequesters GABA into hyperactive mitochondria, causing social behavior deficits","volume":"180","author":"Kanellopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11092488","article-title":"Mitochondria and brain disease: A comprehensive review of pathological mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"11","author":"Clemente-Suarez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118529","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1118529","article-title":"Communication of gut microbiota and brain via immune and neuroendocrine signaling","volume":"14","author":"Kasarello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2022.09.001","article-title":"The emerging role of the microbiome in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"167","author":"Wasen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.10.010","article-title":"Microbiota-derived acetate enables the metabolic fitness of the brain innate immune system during health and disease","volume":"33","author":"Erny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11071050","article-title":"Mitochondria and antibiotics: For good or for evil?","volume":"11","author":"Suarez-Rivero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10102061","article-title":"GLP-1 and GLP-2 orchestrate intestine integrity, gut microbiota, and immune system crosstalk","volume":"10","author":"Abdalqadir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2106504118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2106504118","article-title":"Genome-wide screen identifies curli amyloid fibril as a bacterial component promoting host neurodegeneration","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref192","first-page":"141","article-title":"Enhancing NAD(+) salvage metabolism is neuroprotective in a PINK1 model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Lehmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Open"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-9043-8","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid ameliorates apoptotic cascade in the rotenone model of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Modulation of mitochondrial perturbations","volume":"53","author":"Abdelkader","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6107","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0145-3","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic acid protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death via mitophagy in human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"54","author":"Fonseca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.05.006","article-title":"Ghrelin antagonizes MPTP-induced neurotoxicity to the dopaminergic neurons in mouse substantia nigra","volume":"212","author":"Jiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2015.09.011","article-title":"Ghrelin protects MES23.5 cells against rotenone via inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis","volume":"56","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240524_ref197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00330","article-title":"Ceramides in Parkinson\u2019s ses","volume":"13","author":"Plotegher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JAD-240524","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:58:33Z","timestamp":1777370313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JAD-240524"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"references-count":197,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-240524","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]}}}