{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T14:04:30Z","timestamp":1777817070582,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Economic and Social Measurement"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With data for Portugal we propose an index of housing comfort based on the Household Budget Survey. This index covers housing and durable goods grouped in two dimensions: basic comfort and complementary comfort. Taking this index as starting point we make two contributions. First we quantify the phenomena of poverty, richness, and inequality in housing comfort. Second, using an ordered probit model, we evaluate the determinants of housing comfort in Portugal. The results show significant rates of poverty(12.41%) and richness (22.03%). The evidence sustains that the differences between households derive mainly from complementary comfort and to a lesser extent from basic comfort items. Inequality in housing comfort, measured by the Gini coefficient, stands at 0.1263. The econometric study reveals that the region of residence of the household and the educational level and labor market state of the household reference person are among the most critical determinant factors of housing comfort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jem-170437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]],"date-time":"2017-02-24T10:27:50Z","timestamp":1487932070000},"page":"371-394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Poverty, richness, and inequality: Evidence for Portugal using a housing comfort index"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Portugal (INE), National Accounts Department, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRU - IUL (Business Research Unit), ISCTE Business School Economics Department, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL),  Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Simoes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRU - IUL (Business Research Unit), ISCTE Business School Economics Department, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL),  Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199594030.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr2-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.49.1.3"},{"key":"bibr3-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2013.02.042"},{"key":"bibr4-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2648118"},{"key":"bibr5-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(00)00075-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr6-JEM-170437","first-page":"115","volume":"38","author":"Filmer D.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"bibr7-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0034-6586.2003.00100.x"},{"key":"bibr8-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-005-0224-7"},{"key":"bibr9-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-011-0077-5"},{"key":"bibr10-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/671423"},{"key":"bibr11-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-013-0447-z"},{"key":"bibr12-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/roiw.12063"},{"key":"bibr13-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00036840600722323"},{"key":"bibr14-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520325760"},{"key":"bibr15-JEM-170437","volume-title":"First Things First: Meeting Basic Human Needs in the Developing Countries","author":"Streeten P.","year":"1981"},{"key":"bibr16-JEM-170437","volume-title":"Commodities and Capabilities","author":"Sen A.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr17-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/668501"},{"key":"bibr18-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-013-0251-9"},{"key":"bibr19-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10888-011-9206-z"},{"key":"bibr20-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-013-0250-x"},{"key":"bibr21-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00036840500060972"},{"key":"bibr22-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098011405688"},{"key":"bibr23-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2015.04.002"},{"key":"bibr24-JEM-170437","unstructured":"RodriguesC.,  Income distribution and poverty in portugal [1994\/95]: A Comparison between the European Community Household Panel and the Household Budget Survey. Instituto Superior de Economia e Gest\u00e3o - Departamento de Economia  (ISEG-DE), Research Centre About the Portuguese Economy; 1999. ISEG-DE\/CISEP\n                      Working Paper Series\n                      ,  No. 4."},{"key":"bibr25-JEM-170437","unstructured":"FerreiraL.,  Social protection and chronic poverty: Portugal and the southern european welfare regime. Faculdade de Economia do Porto (FEP); 2005. FEP\n                      Working Paper Series\n                      , No. 168."},{"key":"bibr26-JEM-170437","first-page":"117","author":"Alves N.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bank of Portugal Economic Bulletin"},{"key":"bibr27-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4991.2010.00404.x"},{"key":"bibr28-JEM-170437","unstructured":"RodriguesC. and AndradeI.,  Monetary poverty, material deprivation and consistent poverty in portugal, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gest\u00e3o - Departamento  de Economia (ISEG-DE), Centre for Applied Mathematics and Economics; 2010. ISEG-DE\/CEMAPRE\n                      Working Paper Series\n                      , No. 10\/25."},{"key":"bibr29-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/03068291311321866"},{"key":"bibr30-JEM-170437","unstructured":"European Commission,\n                      Household Budget Surveys in the EU - Methodology and Recommendations for Harmonization\n                      , Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2003."},{"key":"bibr31-JEM-170437","unstructured":"European Commission.\n                      Quality Report of the `Household Budget Surveys' 2005\n                      , DOC LC-HBS\/ 07\/08\/EN. Eurostat, 2008."},{"key":"bibr32-JEM-170437","volume-title":"Handbook on Poverty and Inequality","author":"Haughton J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr33-JEM-170437","unstructured":"INE,\n                      Inqu\u00e9rito \u00e0s Despesas das Fam\u00edlias 2005-2006\n                      , Lisboa: Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica, 2008."},{"key":"bibr34-JEM-170437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1913475"},{"key":"bibr35-JEM-170437","unstructured":"Van KermP., INEQUAL7: Stata module to compute measures of inequality, Statistical Software Components S416401. 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