{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T09:57:34Z","timestamp":1777888654501,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Previous studies showed that lifestyle behaviors (cigarette smoking, alcohol, coffee) are inversely associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). The prodromal phase of PD raises the possibility that these associations may be explained by reverse causation. Objective: To examine associations of lifestyle behaviors with PD using two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) and the potential for survival and incidence-prevalence biases. Methods: We used summary statistics from publicly available studies to estimate the association of genetic polymorphisms with lifestyle behaviors, and from Courage-PD (7,369 cases, 7,018 controls; European ancestry) to estimate the association of these variants with PD. We used the inverse-variance weighted method to compute odds ratios (ORIVW) of PD and 95%confidence intervals (CI). Significance was determined using a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold (p\u200a=\u200a0.017). Results: We found a significant inverse association between smoking initiation and PD (ORIVW per 1-SD increase in the prevalence of ever smoking\u200a=\u200a0.74, 95%CI\u200a=\u200a0.60\u20130.93, p\u200a=\u200a0.009) without significant directional pleiotropy. Associations in participants \u226467 years old and cases with disease duration \u22647 years were of a similar size. No significant associations were observed for alcohol and coffee drinking. In reverse MR, genetic liability toward PD was not associated with smoking or coffee drinking but was positively associated with alcohol drinking. Conclusion: Our findings are in favor of an inverse association between smoking and PD that is not explained by reverse causation, confounding, and survival or incidence-prevalence biases. Genetic liability toward PD was positively associated with alcohol drinking. Conclusions on the association of alcohol and coffee drinking with PD are hampered by insufficient statistical power.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-212851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T02:17:01Z","timestamp":1633745821000},"page":"267-282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Mendelian Randomisation Study of Smoking, Alcohol, and Coffee Drinking in Relation to Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Clo\u00e9","family":"Domenighetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team \u201cExposome, heredity, cancer and health\", CESP, Villejuif, France"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Comprehensive Unbiaised Risk Factor Assessment for Genetics and Environment in Parkinson\u2019s Disease (Courage-PD) consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pierre-Emmanuel","family":"Sugier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team \u201cExposome, heredity, cancer and health\", CESP, Villejuif, France"}]},{"given":"Ashwin Ashok Kumar","family":"Sreelatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Schulte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Grover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Oc\u00e9ane","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team \u201cExposome, heredity, cancer and health\", CESP, Villejuif, France"}]},{"given":"Berta","family":"Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team \u201cExposome, heredity, cancer and health\", CESP, Villejuif, France"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg"}]},{"given":"Dheeraj R.","family":"Bobbili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg"},{"name":"MeGeno S.A, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Radivojkov-Blagojevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, Neuherberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Lichtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, Neuherberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Singleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA"},{"name":"Center For Alzheimer\u2019s and Related Dementias, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA"}]},{"given":"Dena G.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA"}]},{"given":"Connor","family":"Edsall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA"}]},{"given":"George D.","family":"Mellick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland, Australia"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Zimprich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Pirker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Wilhelminenspital, Austria"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Rogaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}]},{"given":"Anthony E.","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}]},{"given":"Sulev","family":"Koks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia"},{"name":"Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia"}]},{"given":"Pille","family":"Taba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Neurology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Lesage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Department of Neurologie, Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Brice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Department of Neurologie, Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Jean-Christophe","family":"Corvol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Department of Neurologie, Paris, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Marie-Christine","family":"Chartier-Harlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog- Centre de Recherche Lille Neurosciences & Cognition, Lille, France"}]},{"given":"Eug\u00e9nie","family":"Mutez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. 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Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome, Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Duga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences - Humanitas University, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Straniero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences - Humanitas University, Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Zecchinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson Institute, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Gaetano Pini\/CTO, Milano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Gianni","family":"Pezzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson Institute, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Gaetano Pini\/CTO, Milano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Brighina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Ferrarese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Grazia","family":"Annesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Cosenza, Italy"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Quattrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurology, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Gagliardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of 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Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}]},{"given":"Yun Joong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Kolber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}]},{"given":"Bart PC","family":"van de Warrenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Bastiaan R.","family":"Bloem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Aasly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St Olav\u2019s Hospital and Norwegian University of Science and 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Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Bardien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Tolosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson\u2019s disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06\/05\/0018-ISCIII) Barcelona, 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