{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T19:56:31Z","timestamp":1770580591684,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Psychotic symptoms are highly frequent in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) patients and are associated with poor prognosis. They include hallucinations, delusions, and minor psychotic phenomena, including sense of presence, passage hallucinations, and illusions. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of psychosis in PD patients. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies reporting the frequency of psychosis, hallucinations, and delusions in PD. Results: Electronic database search wielded 3536 articles, an additional 91 were identified through citation chaining. Of these, 163 were fully inspected, 57 removed, and 106 included as relevant for neuropsychiatric events frequency, with 32 meeting our inclusion criteria (psychosis and\/or specific psychotic phenomena). The pooled frequency of psychosis was 20.7% (95% CI 14.5 to 28.6; I2\u200a=\u200a94%, 15 studies; combined n\u200a=\u200a2919). None of the pre-defined meta-regressions or subgroup analyses were statistically significant or helped explain the statistical heterogeneity. The pooled frequency of any form of hallucination was 21.6% (95% CI 14.7 to 30.6; I2\u200a=\u200a95%; 18 studies; combined n\u200a=\u200a3161). Duration of PD at baseline and mean baseline Hoehn &amp; Yahr stage helped explain the statistical heterogeneity in the meta-analysis of hallucinations. Conclusion: Based on the available evidence, around a fifth of PD patients experience psychosis or hallucinations. The risk of developing hallucinations is likely moderated by the disease duration, Hoehn &amp; Yahr stage, and the cognitive status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-212930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T17:26:11Z","timestamp":1637083571000},"page":"85-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Frequency and Characteristics of Psychosis in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ines","family":"Chendo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Department, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Universit\u00e1ria de Psiquiatria e de Psicologia M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CNS \u2013 Campus Neurol\u00f3gico, Torres Vedras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Department, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo S.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular Jo\u00e3o Lobo Antunes, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Prada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular Jo\u00e3o Lobo Antunes, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Voon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Joaquim J.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNS \u2013 Campus Neurol\u00f3gico, Torres Vedras, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular Jo\u00e3o Lobo Antunes, Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-212930_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22643","article-title":"The PRIAMO study: A multicenter assessment of nonmotor symptoms and their impact on quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Barone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-212930_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.07.005","article-title":"Impact of non-motor symptoms on health-related and perceived quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s 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