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However, individual language resources and technologies accommodate or target different linguistic description levels, e.g., morphology, syntax, phonology, and pragmatics. In this comprehensive survey, the state-of-the-art of multilinguality and LLOD is being represented with a particular focus on linguistic description levels, identifying open challenges and gaps as well as proposing an ideal ecosystem for multilingual LLOD across description levels. This survey seeks to contribute an introductory text for newcomers to the field of multilingual LLOD, uncover gaps and challenges to be tackled by the LLOD community in reference to linguistic description levels, and present a solid basis for a future best practice of multilingual LLOD across description levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/sw-243591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T11:36:50Z","timestamp":1712921810000},"page":"1915-1958","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Multilinguality and LLOD: A survey across linguistic description levels"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Gromann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translation Studies, University of Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Elena-Simona","family":"Apostol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Chiarcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Digital Humanities, University of Cologne, Germany"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Cremaschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Informatica Sistemistica e Comunicazione, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano\u00a0\u2013 Bicocca, Italy"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Gracia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Gkirtzou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Language and Speech Processing, \u201cAthena\u201d Research Center, Greece"}]},{"given":"Chaya","family":"Liebeskind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Jerusalem College of Technology, Israel"}]},{"given":"Liudmila","family":"Mockiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Humanities, Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Rosner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Malta, Malta"}]},{"given":"Ineke","family":"Schuurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Computational Linguistics, KU Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"S\u00e9rasset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LIG, 38000 Grenoble, France"}]},{"given":"Purifica\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Silvano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Portuguese and Romance Studies, University of Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Blerina","family":"Spahiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Informatica Sistemistica e Comunicazione, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano\u00a0\u2013 Bicocca, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ciprian-Octavian","family":"Truic\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"given":"Andrius","family":"Utka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Digital Resources and Interdisciplinary Research, Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Giedre","family":"Valunaite Oleskeviciene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Humanities, Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243591_ref1","unstructured":"F.\u00a0Abromeit, C.\u00a0Chiarcos, C.\u00a0F\u00e4th and M.\u00a0Ionov, Linking the tower of Babel: Modelling a massive set of etymological dictionaries as RDF, in: Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics (LDL-2016): Managing, Building and Using Linked Language Resources, J.P.\u00a0McCrae, C.\u00a0Chiarcos, E.M.\u00a0Ponsoda, T.\u00a0Declerck, P.\u00a0Osenova and S.\u00a0Hellmann, eds, 2016, pp.\u00a011\u201319."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243591_ref2","unstructured":"F.\u00a0Abromeit, C.\u00a0F\u00e4th and L.\u00a0Glaser, Annohub\u00a0\u2013 annotation metadata for linked data applications, in: Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics (LDL-2020), M.\u00a0Ionov, J.P.\u00a0McCrae, C.\u00a0Chiarcos, T.\u00a0Declerck, J.\u00a0Bosque-Gil and J.\u00a0Gracia, eds, European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Marseille, France, 2020, pp.\u00a036\u201344. 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