{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:37:43Z","timestamp":1789468663654,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]],"date-time":"2018-05-02T05:19:15Z","timestamp":1525238355000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["The Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection"],"prefix":"10.3238","author":[{"given":"Guido","family":"Schmiemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eberhardt","family":"Kniehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Gebhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha M.","family":"Matejczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Hummers-Pradier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11437","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref1","unstructured":""},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref2","unstructured":"Schmiemann G, Gebhardt K, Matejczyk M, Hummers-Pradier E: DEGAM-Leitlinie Nr. 1: Brennen beim Wasserlassen \u2013 Update 2009. Omikron publishing: D\u00fcsseldorf 2009."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref3","unstructured":"Samenvattingskaart NHG-Standaard: URINEWEGINFECTIES NHG-STANDAARD. http:\/\/nhg.artsennet.nl\/upload\/104\/standaarden\/M05\/start.html"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref4","unstructured":""},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref5","unstructured":"EAU (European Association of Urology). . European Association of Urology, 2009."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref6","unstructured":"Gatermann S, F\u00fcnfst\u00fcck R, Handrick W, et al.: Harnwegsinfektion \u2013 Mikrobiologisch-infektologische Qualit\u00e4tsstandards. In: Mauch M, Podbielski A, Hermann M (eds.): M\u00fcnchen, Jena: Urban & Fischer 2005; 8\u201321."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bent S, Saint S: The optimal use of diagnostic testing in women with acute uncomplicated cystitis. Am J Med 2002; 113 (Suppl 1A): 20\u20138.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01056-2"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref8","unstructured":"Little P, Turner S, Rumsby K, et al.: Developing clinical rules to predict urinary tract infection in primary care settings: sensitivity and specificity of near patient tests (dipsticks) and clinical scores. Br J Gen Pract 2006; 56: 606\u201312."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foxman B, Geiger AM, Palin K, Gillespie B, Koopman JS: First-time urinary tract infection and sexual behavior. Epidemiology 1995; 6: 162\u20138.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199503000-00013"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fihn SD, Boyko EJ, Normand EH, et al.: Association between use of spermicide-coated condoms and Escherichia coli urinary tract infection in young women. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144: 512\u201320.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008958"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziaei S, Ninavaei M, Faghihzadeh S: Urinary tract infection in the users of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004; 83: 909\u201311.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2004.00296.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith HS, Hughes JP, Hooton TM, et al.: Antecedent antimicrobial use increases the risk of uncomplicated cystitis in young women. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 63\u20138.","DOI":"10.1086\/514502"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal S: Vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract infections. Curr Opin Urol 2000; 10: 587\u201392.","DOI":"10.1097\/00042307-200011000-00009"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyko EJ, Fihn SD, Scholes D, Abraham L, Monsey B: Risk of urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria among diabetic and nondiabetic postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161: 557\u201364.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a000181"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McIsaac WJ, Moineddin R, Ross S: Validation of a decision aid to assist physicians in reducing unnecessary antibiotic drug use for acute cystitis. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 2201\u20136.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.20.2201"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Little P, Turner S, Rumsby K, et al.: Dipsticks and diagnostic algorithms in urinary tract infection: development and validation, randomized trial, economic analysis, observational cohort and qualitative study. Health Technol Assess 2009; 13: iii-iv, ix-xi, 1\u201373.","DOI":"10.3310\/hta13190"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNair RD, MacDonald SR, Dooley SL, Peterson LR: Evaluation of the centrifuged and Gram-stained smear, urinalysis, and reagent strip testing to detect asymptomatic bacteriuria in obstetric patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 1076\u20139.","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.105440"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McIsaac W, Carroll JC, Biringer A, et al.: Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2005; 27: 20\u20134.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)30167-0"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loeb M, Bentley DW, Bradley S, et al.: Development of minimum criteria for the initiation of antibiotics in infect. Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001; 22: 120\u20134.","DOI":"10.1086\/501875"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hummers-Pradier E, Koch M, Ohse AM, Heizmann WR, Kochen MM: Antibiotic resistance of urinary pathogens in female general practice patients. Scand J Infect Dis 2005; 37: 256\u201361.","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410021009"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundqvist M, Kahlmeter G: \u201cPre-emptive culturing\u201d will improve the chance of \u201cgetting it right\u201d when empirical therapy of urinary tract infections fails. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64: 227\u20138.","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp181"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin K, Fajardo K: Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: evidence for the U.S. preventive services task force reaffirmation recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149: 20\u20134.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-1-200807010-00009-w1"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whiting P, Westwood M, Bojke L, et al.: Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of tests for the diagnosis and investigation of urinary tract infection in children: a systematic review and economic model. Health Technol Assess 2006; 10: iii-iv, xi-xiii, 1\u2013154.","DOI":"10.3310\/hta10360"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winkens R, Nelissen-Arets H, Stobberingh E: Validity of the urine dipslide under daily practice conditions. Fam Pract 2003; 20: 410\u20132.","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmg412"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smaill F: Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 2. Art. No.:CD000490. DOI: 10.1002\/14651858.CD000490.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000490.pub2"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meiland R: Asymptomatic bacteriuria in women with diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 2222\u20137.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.20.2222"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref27","unstructured":"Fernandez M, Raja U:"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knottnerus BJ, Bindels PJ, Geerlings SE, Moll van Charante EP, ter Riet G: Optimizing the diagnostic work-up of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections. BMC Fam Pract 2008; 9: 64.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-9-64"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards D, Toop L, Chambers S, Fletcher L: Response to antibiotics of women with symptoms of urinary tract infection but negative dipstick urine test results: double blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2005; 331: 143. Epub 2005 Jun 22.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38496.452581.8F"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baerheim A, Laerum E: Home-voided urine specimen in women. Diagnostic agreement with clean-catch midstream specimens. Scand J Prim Health Care 1990; 8: 207\u201311.","DOI":"10.3109\/02813439008994960"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lifshitz E, Kramer L: Outpatient urine culture: does collection technique matter? Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2537\u201340.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.16.2537"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill M, Hertz-Picciotto I, Pastore LM, Weatherley BD: Have studies of urinary tract infection and preterm delivery used the most appropriate methods? Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2003; 17: 226\u201333.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2003.00499.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref33","unstructured":"McDermott S, Daguise V, Mann H, Szwejbka L, Callaghan W: Perinatal risk for mortality and mental retardation associated with maternal urinary-tract infections. J Fam Pract 2001; 50: 433\u20137."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heckerling PS, Canaris GJ, Flach SD, Tape TG, Wigton RS, Gerber BS: Predictors of urinary tract infection based on artificial neural networks andgenetic algorithms. Int J Med Inform 2007; 76: 289\u201396. Epub 2006 Feb 15.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2006.01.005"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McIsaac WJ, Low DE, Biringer A, Pimlott N, Evans M, Glazier R: The impact of empirical management of acute cystitis on unnecessary antibiotic use. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 600\u20135.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.5.600"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grude N, Tveten Y, Jenkins A, Kristiansen BE: Uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Bacterial findings and efficacy of empirical antibacterial treatment. Scand J Prim Health Care 2005; 23: 115\u20139.","DOI":"10.1080\/02813430510015287"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref37","unstructured":"Verest LF, van Esch WM, van Ree JW, Stobberingh EE: Management of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections in general practice in the south of The Netherlands. Br J Gen Pract 2000; 50: 309\u201310."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devill\u00e9 WL, Yzermans JC, van Duijn NP, Bezemer PD, van der Windt DA, Bouter LM: The urine dipstick test useful to rule out infections. A meta-analysis of theaccuracy. BMC Urol 2004; 4: 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-4-4"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semeniuk H, Church D: Evaluation of the leukocyte esterase and nitrite urine dipstick screening tests for detection of bacteriuria in women with suspected uncomplicated urinary tract infections. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 3051\u20132.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.9.3051-3052.1999"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mignini L, Carroli G, Abalos E, Widmer M, Amigot S, Nardin JM: Accuracy of diagnostic tests to detect asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 346\u201352.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318194f109"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361_ref41","unstructured":"van der Linden MW, Westert GP, de Bakker DH, Schellevis FG: Tweede Nationale Studie naar ziekten en bevolking en in de huisartspraktijk. Klachten en aandoeningen in de bevolking en in de huisartspraktijk. Utrecht\/Bilthoven: NIVEL\/RIVM (2004)."}],"container-title":["Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt international"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T09:39:36Z","timestamp":1638783576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,28]]},"references-count":41,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0361","relation":{"is-cited-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1155\/2017\/8532736","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17795\/ijep.34824","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1866-0452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-0452","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,28]]}}}