{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:01:25Z","timestamp":1791489685792,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]],"date-time":"2018-05-02T05:25:18Z","timestamp":1525238718000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Febrile Child"],"prefix":"10.3238","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Niehues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11437","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fink W, Haidinger G: Die H\u00e4ufigkeit von Gesundheitsst\u00f6rungen in 10 Jahren Allgemeinpraxis. Z Allg Med 2007: 102\u20138.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-968157"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enarson MC, Ali S, Vandermeer B, Wright RB, Klassen TP, Spiers JA: Beliefs and expectations of Canadian parents who bring febrile children for medical care. Pediatrics 2012; 130: e905\u201312.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2140"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref3","unstructured":"Ward M: Pathophysiology and management of fever in infants and children. www.uptodate.com,2013. Last accessed 8 September 2013"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakamura K: Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301: 1207\u201328.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00109.2011"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Radhi AS: Measurement of body temperature. Clinical Manual of Fever in Children. Heidelberg: Springer 2009; 63\u201379.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78598-9"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Radhi AS: Is fever beneficial? Clinical manual of fever in children. Heidelberg: Springer 2009; 211\u201322.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78598-9"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackowiak PA, Wasserman SS, Levine MM: A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich. JAMA1992; 268: 1578\u201380.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.268.12.1578"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref8","unstructured":"Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 19th edition. Oxford: Saunders 2011."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref9","unstructured":"Roos R, Bartmann P, Franz A, Knuf M, Handrick W: Neonatale bakterielle Infektionen (5th completely revised edition). DGPI Handbuch Infektionen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Stuttgart: Thieme 2009; 684\u201394."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Radhi AS, Carroll J, Klein N: Clinical manual of fever in children, 1st edition: Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 2009.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78598-9"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref11","unstructured":"Kallinich T: Fieber unklarer Genese. AWMF-Leitlinie der Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Kinder- und Jugendrheumatologie und der Deutschen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Kinder- und Jugendmedizin. www.awmf.org\/uploads\/tx_szleitlinien\/027\u2013053l_S1_Fieber_unklarer_Ursache_2013\u201301.pdf2013. Last accessed 8 September 2013"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodd SR, Lancaster GA, Craig JV, Smyth RL, Williamson PR: In a systematic review, infrared ear thermometry for fever diagnosis in children finds poor sensitivity. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2006; 59: 354\u20137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.10.004"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson M, Lakhanpaul M, Guideline Development Group, the Technical Team: Assessment and initial management of feverish illness in children younger than 5 years: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2007; 334: 1163\u20134.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39218.495255.AE"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiappini E, Venturini E, Principi N, et al.: Update of the 2009 Italian Pediatric Society Guidelines about management of fever in children. Clin Ther 2012; 34: 1648\u201353.e3.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2012.06.011"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Bruel A, Haj-Hassan T, Thompson M, Buntinx F, Mount D: European Research Network on Recognising Serious Infection i: Diagnostic value of clinical features at presentation to identify serious infection in children in developed countries: a systematic review. Lancet 2010; 375: 834\u201345.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62000-6"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huppertz HI: Fieber ohne Fokus [Fever without focus]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2013; 161: 204\u201310.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00112-012-2782-6"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volante E, Moretti S, Pisani F, Bevilacqua G: Early diagnosis of bacterial infection in the neonate. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2004; 16: 13\u20136.","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050410001727116"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wacker C, Prkno A, Brunkhorst FM, Schlattmann P: Procalcitonin as a diagnostic marker for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 13: 426\u201335.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70323-7"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pammi M, Flores A, Leeflang M, Versalovic J: Molecular assays in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2011; 128: e973\u201385.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1208"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weston EJ, Pondo T, Lewis MM, et al.: The burden of invasive early-onset neonatal sepsis in the United States, 2005\u20132008. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2011; 30: 937\u201341.","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318223bad2"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Sanchez PJ, et al.: Early onset neonatal sepsis: the burden of group B Streptococcal and E. coli disease continues. Pediatrics 2011; 127: 817\u201326.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynpm.2011.07.078"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaikh N, Morone NE, Bost JE, Farrell MH: Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood: a meta-analysis. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2008; 27: 302\u20138.","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31815e4122"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref23","unstructured":"Smitherman HF, Marias CG: Evaluation and management of fever in the neonate and young infant (less than three months of age). www.uptodate.com 2013. Last accessed 8 September 2013"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow A, Robinson JL: Fever of unknown origin in children: a systematic review. World J Pediatr 2011; 7: 5\u201310.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-011-0240-5"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan JE, Farrar HC: Fever and antipyretic use in children. Pediatrics 2011; 127: 580\u20137.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3852"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lava SA, Simonetti GD, Ramelli GP, Tschumi S, Bianchetti MG: Symptomatic management of fever by Swiss board-certified pediatricians: results from a cross-sectional, web-based survey. Clin Ther 2012; 34: 250\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.12.002"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalzik FZ, Zepp F: Das fiebernde Kind. Grundlagen der Behandlung. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2013; 161: 196\u2013203.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00112-012-2780-8"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Radhi AS: Management of fever. Clinical manual of fever in children. Heidelberg: Springer 2009; 223\u201350.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78598-9"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavonas EJ, Reynolds KM, Dart RC: Therapeutic acetaminophen is not associated with liver injury in children: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2010; 126: e1430\u201344.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3352"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Etminan M, Sadatsafavi M, Jafari S, Doyle-Waters M, Aminzadeh K, Fitzgerald JM: Acetaminophen use and the risk of asthma in children and adults: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest 2009; 136: 1316\u201323.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0865"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierce CA, Voss B: Efficacy and safety of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in children and adults: a meta-analysis and qualitative review. Ann Pharmacother 2010; 44: 489\u2013506.","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1M332"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berezin SH, Bostwick HE, Halata MS, Feerick J, Newman LJ, Medow MS: Gastrointestinal bleeding in children following ingestion of low-dose ibuprofen. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2007; 44: 506\u20138.","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31802d4add"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misurac JM, Knoderer CA, Leiser JD, Nailescu C, Wilson AC, Andreoli SP: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are an important cause of acute kidney injury in children. J Pediatr 2013; 162: 1153\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.11.069"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Bruel A, Thompson MJ, Haj-Hassan T, et al.: Diagnostic value of laboratory tests in identifying serious infections in febrile children: systematic review. BMJ 2011; 342: d3082.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d3082"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson M, van den Bruel A, Verbakel J, et al.: Systematic review and validation of prediction rules for identifying children with serious infections in emergency departments and urgent-access primary care. Health Technology Assessment 2012; 16: 1\u2013100.","DOI":"10.3310\/hta16150"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poirier MP, Collins EP, McGuire E: Fever phobia: a survey of caregivers of children seen in a pediatric emergency department. Clinical Pediatrics 2010; 49: 530\u20134.","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922809355312"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref37","unstructured":"Reckert T: Beratung zum Umgang mit Fieber und Abbau der Fieberangst. Zeitschrift Kinder- und Jugendarzt 2011\/2012; 12\/11 + 1\/12: 695\u20137."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig JV, Lancaster GA, Taylor S, Williamson PR, Smyth RL: Infrared ear thermometry compared with rectal thermometry in children: a systematic review. Lancet 2002; 360: 603\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09783-0"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig JV, Lancaster GA, Williamson PR, Smyth RL: Temperature measured at the axilla compared with rectum in children and young people: systematic review. BMJ 2000; 320: 1174\u20138.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7243.1174"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref40","unstructured":"Duce SJ: A systematic review of the literature to determine optimal methods of temperature measurement in neonates, infants and children. DARE Review 1994; 4: 1\u2013124."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiappini E, Principi N, Longhi R, et al.: Management of fever in children: summary of the Italian Pediatric Society guidelines. Clinical therapeutics 2009; 31: 1826\u201343.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.08.006"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trautner BW, Caviness AC, Gerlacher GR, Demmler G, Macias CG: Prospective evaluation of the risk of serious bacterial infection in children who present to the emergency department with hyperpyrexia (temperature of 106 degrees F or higher). Pediatrics 2006; 118: 34\u201340.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2823"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez B, Bressan S, Mintegi S, et al.: Diagnostic value of procalcitonin in well-appearing young febrile infants. Pediatrics 2012; 130: 815\u201322.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3575"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishna NK, Cunnion KM: Role of molecular diagnostics in the management of infectious disease emergencies. The Medical Clinics of North America 2012; 96: 1067\u201378.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2012.08.005"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzano S, Bailey B, Girodias JB, Galetto-Lacour A, Cousineau J, Delvin E: Impact of procalcitonin on the management of children aged 1 to 36 months presenting with fever without source: a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2010; 28: 647\u201353.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2009.02.022"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehmann LE, Herpichboehm B, Kost GJ, Kollef MH, Stuber F: Cost and mortality prediction using polymerase chain reaction pathogen detection in sepsis: evidence from three observational trials. Critical Care 2010; 14: R186.","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9294"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker MD, Bell LM: Unpredictability of serious bacterial illness in febrile infants from birth to 1 month of age. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 1999; 153: 508\u201311.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.153.5.508"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadish HA, Loveridge B, Tobey J, Bolte RG, Corneli HM: Applying outpatient protocols in febrile infants 1\u201328 days of age: can the threshold be lowered? Clinical Pediatrics 2000; 39: 81\u20138.","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280003900202"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachur RG, Harper MB: Predictive model for serious bacterial infections among infants younger than 3 months of age. Pediatrics 2001; 108: 311\u20136.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.311"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bressan S, Berlese P, Mion T, Masiero S, Cavallaro A, Da Dalt L: Bacteremia in feverish children presenting to the emergency department: a retrospective study and literature review. Acta Paediatrica 2012; 101: 271\u20137.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02478.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalies H, Verstraeten T, Grote V, et al.: Four and one-half-year follow-up of the effectiveness of diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis\/Haemophilus influenzae type b and diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus\/H. influenzae type b combination vaccines in Germany. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2004; 23: 944\u201350.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000141743.74443.73"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Linden M, Weiss S, Falkenhorst G, Siedler A, Imohl M, von Kries R: Four years of universal pneumococcal conjugate infant vaccination in Germany: impact on incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease and serotype distribution in children. Vaccine 2012; 30: 5880\u20135.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.06.068"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasic S, Minic A, Djuric P, et al.: Fever of unknown origin in 185 paediatric patients: a single-centre experience. Acta Paediatrica 2006; 95: 463\u20136.","DOI":"10.1080\/08035250500437549"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldman RD, Ko K, Linett LJ, Scolnik D: Antipyretic efficacy and safety of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in children. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2004; 38: 146\u201350.","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1C391"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrott DA, Piira T, Goodenough B, Champion GD: Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen vs ibuprofen for treating children\u2019s pain or fever: a meta-analysis. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2004; 158: 521\u20136.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.6.521"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Autret-Leca E, Gibb IA, Goulder MA: Ibuprofen versus paracetamol in pediatric fever: objective and subjective findings from a randomized, blinded study. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2007; 23: 2205\u201311.","DOI":"10.1185\/030079907X223323"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Southey ER, Soares-Weiser K, Kleijnen J: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical safety and tolerability of ibuprofen compared with paracetamol in paediatric pain and fever. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2009; 25: 2207\u201322.","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990903116255"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meremikwu M, Oyo-Ita A: Physical methods for treating fever in children. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003: CD004264.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003676"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764_ref59","unstructured":"Meremikwu M, Oyo-Ita A: Paracetamol for treating fever in children. The Cochrane Database of Systematic reviews 2002: CD003676."}],"container-title":["Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt international"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T09:12:18Z","timestamp":1638781938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,8]]},"references-count":59,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0764","relation":{"is-cited-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17795\/zjrms-7952","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1866-0452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-0452","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,8]]}}}