{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T02:00:50Z","timestamp":1772244050205,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]],"date-time":"2018-05-02T05:19:26Z","timestamp":1525238366000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Antipsychotic Prescription in Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3238","author":[{"given":"Christian J.","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lempp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Glaeske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11437","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olfson M, Blanco C, Liu SM, Wang S, Correll CU: National trends in the office-based treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with antipsychotics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012; 69: 1247\u201356.","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2012.647"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalverdijk LJ, Tobi H, van den Berg PB, et al.: Use of antipsychotic drugs among Dutch youths between 1997 and 2005. Psychiatr Serv 2008; 59: 554\u201360.","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.5.554"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alessi-Severini S, Biscontri RG, Collins DM, Sareen J, Enns MW: Ten years of antipsychotic prescribing to children: a Canadian population-based study. Can J Psychiatry 2012; 57: 52\u20138.","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371205700109"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comer JS, Mojtabai R, Olfson M: National trends in the antipsychotic treatment of psychiatric outpatients with anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168: 1057\u201365.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11010087"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitiello B, Correll C, van Zwieten-Boot B, Zuddas A, Parellada M, Arango C: Antipsychotics in children and adolescents: increasing use, evidence for efficacy and safety concerns. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 19: 629\u201335.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2009.04.008"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seida JC, Schouten JR, Boylan K, et al.: Antipsychotics for children and young adults: a comparative effectiveness review. Pediatrics 2012; 129: e771\u201384.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2158"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben Amor L: Antipsychotics in pediatric and adolescent patients: a review of comparative safety data. J Affect Disord 2012; 138: 22\u201330.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.02.030"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pringsheim T, Lam D, Ching H, Patten S: Metabolic and neurological complications of second-generation antipsychotic use in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Drug Saf 2011; 34: 651\u201368.","DOI":"10.2165\/11592020-000000000-00000"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen D, Bonnot O, Bodeau N, Consoli A, Laurent C: Adverse effects of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents: a Bayesian meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 32: 309\u201316.","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3182549259"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rani FA, Byrne PJ, Murray ML, Carter P, Wong IC: Paediatric atypical antipsychotic monitoring safety (PAMS) study: pilot study in children and adolescents in secondary- and tertiary-care settings. Drug Saf 2009; 32: 325\u201333.","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200932040-00006"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM: Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2009; 373: 31\u201341.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61764-X"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zito JM, Safer DJ, de Jong-van den Berg LT, et al.: A three-country comparison of psychotropic medication prevalence in youth. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2008; 2: 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-2-26"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schubert I, Lehmkuhl G: Increased antipsychotic prescribing to youths in Germany. Psychiatr Serv 2009; 60: 269.","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.2.269"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref14","unstructured":"Bachmann C, Hoffmann F: Ambulante Verordnungen von Antipsychotika bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. In: Glaeske G, Schicktanz C (eds.): BARMER GEK Arzneimittelreport 2013. Schriftenreihe zur Gesundheitsanalyse St. Augustin: Asgard 2013, 243\u201361."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schubert I, K\u00f6ster I, Lehmkuhl G: The changing prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and methylphenidate prescriptions: a study of data from a random sample of insurees of the AOK Health Insurance Company in the German State of Hesse, 2000\u20132007. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2010; 107: 615\u201321.","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0615"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pringsheim T, Lam D, Patten SB: The pharmacoepidemiology of antipsychotic medications for Canadian children and adolescents: 2005\u20132009. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2011; 21: 537\u201343.","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2010.0145"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clavenna A, Andretta M, Pilati P, et al.: Antidepressant and antipsychotic use in an Italian pediatric population. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11: 40.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-11-40"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoega H, Baldursson G, Hrafnkelsson B, Almarsdottir AB, Valdimarsdottir U, Halldorsson M: Psychotropic drug use among Icelandic children: a nationwide population-based study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009; 19: 757\u201364.","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2009.0003"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acquaviva E, Legleye S, Auleley GR, Deligne J, Carel D, Falissard BB: Psychotropic medication in the French child and adolescent population: prevalence estimation from health insurance data and national self-report survey data. BMC Psychiatry 2009; 9: 72.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-9-72"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rani F, Murray ML, Byrne PJ, Wong IC: Epidemiologic features of antipsychotic prescribing to children and adolescents in primary care in the United Kingdom. Pediatrics 2008; 121: 1002\u20139.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2008"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aparasu RR, Bhatara V: Patterns and determinants of antipsychotic prescribing in children and adolescents, 2003\u20132004. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23: 49\u201356.","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X158075"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Constantine RJ, Tandon R, McPherson M, Andel R: Early diagnoses and psychotherapeutic medication treatment experiences of a cohort of children under 6 years old who received antipsychotic treatment in Florida\u2019s Medicaid program. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2011; 21: 79\u201384.","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2010.0068"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander GC, Gallagher SA, Mascola A, Moloney RM, Stafford RS: Increasing off-label use of antipsychotic medications in the United States, 1995\u20132008. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2011; 20: 177\u201384.","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2082"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garland AF, Hough RL, McCabe KM, Yeh M, Wood PA, Aarons GA: Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in youths across five sectors of care. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40: 409\u201318.","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200104000-00009"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kjosavik SR, Ruths S, Hunskaar S: Psychotropic drug use in the Norwegian general population in 2005: data from the Norwegian Prescription Database. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009; 18: 572\u20138.","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1756"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann F, Glaeske G, Petermann F, Bachmann CJ: Outpatient treatment in German adolescents with depression: an analysis of nationwide health insurance data. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2012; 21: 972\u20139.","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3295"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barkmann C, Schulte-Markwort M: Prevalence of emotional and behavioural disorders in German children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 2012; 66: 194\u2013203.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.102467"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eimecke S, Pauschardt J, Remschmidt H, Walter R, Mattejat F: Time Trends in Psychopathology. A 21-year comparison from Germany. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother 2011; 39: 187\u201394.","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000092"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hebebrand J, Blanz B, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Lehmkuhl G: Zunahme der H\u00e4ufigkeit medikament\u00f6ser Behandlungen, ethische Prinzipien und Interessenkonflikte in der Kooperation mit der pharmazeutischen Industrie. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother 2012; 40: 133\u20138.","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000163"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kesselheim AS, Mello MM, Studdert DM: Strategies and practices in off-label marketing of pharmaceuticals: a retrospective analysis of whistleblower complaints. PLoS Med 2011; 8: e1000431.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000431"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachmann M, Bachmann CJ, John K, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Remschmidt H, Mattejat F: The effectiveness of child and adolescent psychiatric treatments in a naturalistic outpatient setting. World Psychiatry 2010; 9: 111\u20137.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00288.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachmann C, Lehmkuhl G, Petermann F, Scott S: Evidenzbasierte psychotherapeutische Interventionen f\u00fcr Kinder und Jugendliche mit aggressivem Verhalten. Kindh Entw 2010; 19: 245\u201354.","DOI":"10.1026\/0942-5403\/a000032"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann F, Bachmann C: Unterschiede in den soziodemographischen Merkmalen, der Gesundheit und Inanspruchnahme bei Kindern und Jugendlichen nach ihrer Krankenkassenzugeh\u00f6rigkeit. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2013; (in print)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-013-1916-x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sleath B, Domino ME, Wiley-Exley E, Martin B, Richards S, Carey T: Antidepressant and antipsychotic use and adherence among Medicaid youths: differences by race. Community Ment Health J 2010; 46: 265\u201372.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-009-9277-5"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dosreis S, Yoon Y, Rubin DM, Riddle MA, Noll E, Rothbard A: Antipsychotic treatment among youth in foster care. Pediatrics 2011; 128: e1459\u201366.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2970"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref36","unstructured":"Pringsheim T, Panagiotopoulos C, Davidson J, Ho J: Evidence-based recommendations for monitoring safety of second generation antipsychotics in children and youth. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 20: 218\u201333."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref37","unstructured":"Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (G-BA): Beschluss des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses \u00fcber eine \u00c4nderung der Arzneimittel-Richtlinie: Anlage III Nummer 44. Stimulantien. Vom 16. September 2010. www.g-ba.de\/downloads\/39\u2013261\u20131185\/ 2010\u201309\u201316_AM-RL3_Stimulantien_BAnz.pdf (last accessed on 29 May 2013)"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulze J, van den Bussche H, Glaeske G, Kaduszkiewicz H, Wiese B, Hoffmann F: Impact of safety warnings on antipsychotic prescriptions in dementia: Nothing has changed but the years and the substances. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23: 1034\u201342.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.02.001"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fchlbauer B, Janhsen K, Pichler J, Schoettler P: Off-label use of prescription drugs in childhood and adolescence: an analysis of prescription patterns in Germany. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106: 25\u201331.","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2009.0025"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loy JH, Merry SN, Hetrick SE, Stasiak K: Atypical antipsychotics for disruptive behaviour disorders in children and youths. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 9: CD008559.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008559.pub2"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies LM, Lewis S, Jones PB, et al.: Cost-effectiveness of first- v. second-generation antipsychotic drugs: results from a randomised controlled trial in schizophrenia responding poorly to previous therapy. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 191: 14\u201322.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.028654"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinhausen HC: A European perspective on paedo-psychiatric pharmacoepidemiology. World Psychiatry 2013; 12: 131.","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20034"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bramesfeld A, Grobe T, Schwartz FW: Prevalence of depression diagnosis and prescription of antidepressants in East and West Germany: An analysis of health insurance data. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2010; 45: 329\u201335.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-009-0067-8"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann F, Petermann F, Glaeske G, Bachmann CJ: Prevalence and comorbidities of adolescent depression in Germany. An analysis of health insurance data. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother 2012; 40: 399\u2013404.","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000199"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachmann CJ, Manthey T, Kamp-Becker I, Glaeske G, Hoffmann F: Psychopharmacological treatment in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders in Germany. Res Dev Disabil 2013; 34: 2551\u201363.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.05.028"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lieb K, Koch C: Medical students\u2019 attitudes to and contact with the pharmaceutical industry\u2014a survey at eight German university hospitals. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2013; 110: 584\u201390.","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0584"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farmer CA, Arnold LE, Bukstein OG, et al.: The treatment of severe child aggression (TOSCA) study: Design challenges. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2011; 5: 36.","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-5-36"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rapoport JL: Pediatric psychopharmacology: too much or too little? World Psychiatry 2013; 12: 118\u201323.","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20028"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Remschmidt H: Psychopharmacological treatments in children and adolescents. Adequate use or abuse? World Psychiatry 2013; 12: 135\u20136.","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20036"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold LE, Aman MG, Li X, et al.: Research Units of Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP) Autism Network randomized clinical trial of parent training and medication: one-year follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 51: 1173\u201384.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.08.028"}],"container-title":["Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt international"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T08:08:48Z","timestamp":1638778128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,17]]},"references-count":50,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0025","relation":{"is-cited-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5498\/wjp.v8.i1.27","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1866-0452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-0452","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,17]]}}}