{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:11:13Z","timestamp":1791576673599,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]],"date-time":"2018-05-02T09:27:14Z","timestamp":1525253234000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Lichen Sclerosus\u2014Presentation, Diagnosis and Management"],"prefix":"10.3238","author":[{"given":"Gudula","family":"Kirtschig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11437","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref1","unstructured":"Welsh B, Howard A, Cook K: Vulval itch. Aust Fam Physician 2004; 33: 505\u201310"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee A, Bradford J, Fischer G: Long-term management of adult vulval lichen sclerosus. A prospective cohort study of 507 women. JAMA Dermatol June 12, 2015 (e-publication ahead of print).","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.0643"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirtschig G, Becker K, G\u00fcnthert A, et al.: Evidence-based (S3) guideline on (anogenital) Lichen sclerosus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 10: e1\u201343","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13136"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref4","unstructured":"Wallace HJ: Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Transactions\u2019s of the St. John\u2019s Hospital Dermatological Society 1971; 57: 9\u201330."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell J, Wojnarowska F: Lichen sclerosus. Lancet 1999, 353: 1777\u201383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)08228-2"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leibovitz A, Kaplun VV, Saposhnicov N, Habot B: Vulvovaginal examinations in elderly nursing home women residents. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2000; 31: 1\u20134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4943(00)00059-5"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins CA, Cruickshank ME: A population-based case-control study of aetiological factors associated with vulval lichen sclerosus. J Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 32: 271\u20135","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2011.649320"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref8","unstructured":"Kirtschig G, Kuik DJ: A Dutch cohort study confirms familial occurrence of anogenital lichen sclerosus. J Women\u2019s Health Care 2014; 3: 209\u201311."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sander CS, Ali I, Dean D, Thiele JJ, Wojnarowska F: Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of lichen sclerosus. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151: 627\u201335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06142.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper SM, Gao XH, Powell JJ, Wojnarowska F: Does treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus influence its prognosis? Arch Dermatol 2004; 140: 702\u20136","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.6.702"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edmonds EV, Hunt S, Hawkins D, et al.: Clinical parameters in male genital lichen sclerosus: a case series of 329 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 26: 730\u20137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04155.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker K: Lichen sclerosus in boys. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2011; 108: 53\u20138","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2011.0053"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostner S: EBM Service. Phimose mit Talgretetionszyste. Z Allg Med 2014; 90: 339\u201341.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03652737"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref14","unstructured":"Powell J, Wojnarowska F: Childhood vulvar lichen sclerosus. The course after puberty. J Reprod Med 2002; 47: 706\u20139"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niamh L, Naveen S, Hazel B: Diagnosis of vulval inflammatory dermatoses: a pathological study with clinical correlation. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2009; 28: 554\u20138","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0b013e3181a9fb0d"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedrich EG, Kalra PS: Serum levels of sex hormones in vulvar lichen sclerosus, and the effect of topical testosterone. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 488\u201391","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198402233100803"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor AH, Guzail M, Al-Azzawi F: Differential expression of oestrogen receptor isoforms and androgen receptor in the normal vulva and vagina compared with vulval lichen sclerosus and chronic vaginitis. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158: 319\u201328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08371.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noakes RR, Spelman L: K\u00f6bnerization in a woman with generalized lichen sclerosus. Australas J Dermatol 2004; 45: 144\u20135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2004.00063.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Todd P, Halpern S, Kirby J, Pembroke A: Lichen sclerosus and the K\u00f6bner phenomenon. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994; 19: 262\u20133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1994.tb01183.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref20","unstructured":"Villa M, Dragonetti E, Grande M, et al.: Skin phototype and local trauma in the onset of balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) in circumcised patients. In Vivo 2012; 26: 143\u20136"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sideri M, Parazzini F, Rognoni MT, et al.: Risk factors for vulvar lichen sclerosus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 38\u201342","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90228-7"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warrington SA and de San Lazaro C. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and sexual abuse. Arch Dis Child 1996; 75: 512\u20136","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.75.6.512"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pranteda G, Muscianese M, Grimaldi M, et al.: Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus induced by carbamazepine: a case report. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013; 26: 791\u20134","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201302600326"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skupsky H, Abuav R, High W, Pass C, Goldenberg G: Development of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus while receiving a therapeutic dose of imatinib mesylate for chronic myelogenous leukemia. J Cutan Pathol 2010; 37: 877\u201380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2009.01398.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldo M, Ali I, Wojnarowska F: The contribution of drugs to lichen sclerosus. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 39: 234","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12264"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper SM, Ali I, Baldo M, Wojnarowska F: The association of lichen sclerosus and erosive lichen planus of the vulva with autoimmune disease: a case-control study. Arch Dermatol 2008; 144: 1432\u20135","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.144.11.1432"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreuter A, Wischnewski J, Terras S, et al.: Coexistence of lichen sclerosus and morphea: a retrospective analysis of 472 patients with localized scleroderma from a German tertiary referral center. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 67: 1157\u201362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.04.003"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreuter A, Kryvosheyeva Y, Terras S, et al.: Association of autoimmune diseases with lichen sclerosus in 532 male and female patients. Acta Derm Venereol 2013; 93: 238\u201341","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1512"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpkin S, Oakley A: Clinical review of 202 patients with vulval lichen sclerosus: A possible association with psoriasis. Australas J Dermatol 2007; 48: 28\u201331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2007.00322.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virgili A, Minghetti S, Borghi A, Corazza M: Proactive maintenance therapy with a topical corticosteroid for vulvar lichen sclerosus: preliminary results of a randomized study. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168: 1316\u201324","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12273"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virgili A, Borghi A, Toni G, Minghetti S, Corazza M: First randomized trial on clobetasol propionate and mometasone furoate in the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus: results of efficacy and tolerability. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171: 388\u201396","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12910"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virgili A, Minghetti S, Borghi A, Corazza M: Long-term maintenance therapy for vulvar lichen sclerosus: the results of a randomized study comparing topical vitamin E with an emollient. Eur J Dermatol 2013; 23: 189\u201394","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2013.1987"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonart T, Lahaye M, Simonart JM: Vulvar lichen sclerosus: effect of maintenance treatment with a moisturizer on the course of the disease. Menopause 2008; 15: 74\u20137","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3180616689"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casey GA, Cooper SM, Powell JJ: Treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus with topical corticosteroids in children: a study of 72 children. Clin Exp Dermatol 2015; 40: 289\u201392","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12519"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannweiler S, Sygulla S, Winter E, Regauer S: Two major pathways of penile carcinogenesis: HPV-induced penile cancers overexpress p16ink4a, HPV-negative cancers associated with dermatoses express p53, but lack p16ink4a overexpression. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69: 73\u201381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.12.973"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref36","unstructured":"Regauer S: Vulv\u00e4re und penile Karzinogenese: Transformierende HPV-High-risk-Infektionen und Dermatosen (Lichen sclerosus und Lichen planus). J Urol Urogyn\u00e4kol 2012; 19: 22\u20135."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Nieuwenhof HP, van Kempen LC, de Hullu JA, et al.: The etiologic role of HPV in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma fine-tuned. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 2061\u20137","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-09-0209"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang SH, Chi CC, Wong YW, Salim A, Manek S, Wojnarowska F: Genital verrucous carcinoma is associated with lichen sclerosus: a retrospective study and review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 24: 815\u20139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03531.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337_ref39","unstructured":"Dalziel KL: Effect of lichen sclerosus on sexual function and parturition. J Reprod Med 1995; 40: 351\u20134"}],"container-title":["Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt international"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T10:59:48Z","timestamp":1693652388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,13]]},"references-count":39,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0337","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-0452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-0452","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,13]]}}}