{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T01:05:43Z","timestamp":1793754343537,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T12:59:34Z","timestamp":1670331574000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Nonunions and their operative treatment"],"prefix":"10.3238","author":[{"given":"Freya M.","family":"Reeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Sachse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Wedekind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunther O.","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Lenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11437","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinhausen E, Glombitza M, B\u00f6hm H-J, Hax P-M, Rixen D: Pseudarthrosen. Unfallchirurg 2013; 116: 633–49.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00113-013-2413-2"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Einhorn TA: Enhancement of fracture-healing. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995; 77: 940–56.","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199506000-00016"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzioupis C, Giannoudis PV: Prevalence of long-bone non-unions. Injury 2007; 38: S3-S9.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(07)80003-9"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calori G, Mazza E, Colombo M, Ripamonti C, Tagliabue L: Treatment of long bone non-unions with polytherapy: indications and clinical results. Injury 2011; 42: 587–90.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.046"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mills LA, Simpson AH: The relative incidence of fracture non-union in the Scottish population (5.17 million): a 5-year epidemiological study. BMJ Open 2013; 3.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002276"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zura R, Xiong Z, Einhorn T, et al.: Epidemiology of fracture nonunion in 18 human bones. JAMA Surg 2016; 151: e162775.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.2775"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mills LA, Aitken SA, Simpson A: The risk of non-union per fracture: current myths and revised figures from a population of over 4 million adults. Acta Orthop 2017; 88: 434–9.","DOI":"10.1080\/17453674.2017.1321351"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raschke M, Rosslenbroich S, Everding J: Pseudarthrosen. Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2017; 19: 255–9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10039-017-0312-4"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen MK, Miclau T: Autologous iliac crest bone graft: should it still be the gold standard for treating nonunions? Injury 2007; 38 Suppl 1: S75–80.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2007.02.012"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calori GM, Mazza E, Colombo M, Ripamonti C: The use of bone-graft substitutes in large bone defects: any specific needs? Injury 2011; 42 Suppl 2: S56–63.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.06.011"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivasan RC, Hutson RL, Richard MJ: Forearm nonunion: characterization and management. J Hand Surg Am 2020; 45: 1055–64.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2020.05.030"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref12","unstructured":"Destatis: Entgeltsysteme im Krankenhaus. www.destatis.de\/DE\/Methoden\/Qualitaet\/Qualitaetsberichte\/Gesundheit\/fallpauschalenbezogne-krankenhausstatistk.pdf?__blob=publicationFile (last accessed on 12 March 2021)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref13","unstructured":"Forschungsdatenzentrum: DRG-Statistik. www.forschungsdatenzentrum.de\/de\/gesundheit\/drg (last accessed on 18 February 2021)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford AN, Harkin EA, Lyons MM, et al.: Clinical and radiographic predictors of nonunion in open tibial shaft fractures. Orthopedics 2021; 44: 142–7.","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20210416-04"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref15","unstructured":"S\u00fcdkamp NP, Haas NP, Sinnig M, Sottmann G, Tscherne H: [Incidence of pseudarthroses in open fractures: analysis of 948 open fractures]. Aktuelle Traumatol 1993; 23: 59–67."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref16","unstructured":"Destatis: Genesis-Online. www-genesis.destatis.de\/genesis\/online?operation=previous&levelindex=0&step=0&titel=&levelid=1613666634758&acceptscookies=false (last accessed on 10 February 2021)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simborg DW: DRG creep: a new hospital-acquired disease. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 1602–4.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198106253042611"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00fcngen M, Lauterbach KW: [Upcoding—a risk for the use of diagnosis-related groups]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2000; 125: 852–6.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-7019"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klaus B, Ritter A, Grosse Hulsewiesche H, et al.: [Study of the quality of codification of diagnoses and procedures under DRG conditions]. Gesundheitswesen 2005; 67: 9–19.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-813833"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padilla-Eguiluz NG, G\u00f3mez-Barrena E: Epidemiology of long bone non-unions in Spain. Injury 2021; 52 Suppl 4: S3-S7.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2021.02.053"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zura R, Braid-Forbes MJ, Jeray K, et al.: Bone fracture nonunion rate decreases with increasing age: a prospective inception cohort study. Bone 2017; 95: 26–32.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.11.006"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Court-Brown CM, Caesar B: Epidemiology of adult fractures: a review. Injury 2006; 37: 691–7.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2006.04.130"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schweigkofler U, Hofmann T, Hoffmann R: Oberschenkelhalsfrakturen. Z Orthop Unfall 2008; 146: 117–33.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-989433"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawamura K, Chung KC: Treatment of scaphoid fractures and nonunions. J Hand Surg Am 2008; 33: 988–97.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.04.026"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swenson DM, Yard EE, Collins CL, Fields SK, Comstock RD: Epidemiology of US high school sports-related fractures, 2005–2009. Clin J Sport Med 2010; 20: 293–9.","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181e8fae8"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duckworth AD, Jenkins PJ, Aitken SA, Clement ND, McQueen MM: Scaphoid fracture epidemiology. JJ Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 72: E41-E5.","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31822458e8"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobhani S, Dekker R, Postema K, Dijkstra PU: Epidemiology of ankle and foot overuse injuries in sports: a systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013; 23: 669–86.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01509.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref28","unstructured":"Baumeister HH, Greinemann H: [Conservative treatment of scaphoid bone fracture of the wrist]. Unfallchirurg 1989; 92: 175–9."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reigstad O, Grimsgaard C, Thorkildsen R, Reigstad A, R\u00f8kkum M: Scaphoid non-unions, where do they come from? The epidemiology and initial presentation of 270 scaphoid non-unions. Hand Surg 2012; 17: 331–5.","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218810412500268"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehling IM, Sauerbier M: [Scaphoid fractures and pseudarthrosis of the scaphoid]. Z Orthop Unfall 2013; 151: 639–60.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1360131"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias JJ, Brenkel IJ, Finlay DB: Patterns of union in fractures of the waist of the scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1989; 71: 307–10.","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.71B2.2925752"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgsholm P, Ossowski D, Thomsen N, Bjorkman A: Epidemiology of scaphoid fractures and non-unions: a systematic review. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 2020; 52: 374–81.","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1250-8190"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Court-Brown CM, Bugler KE, Clement ND, Duckworth AD, McQueen MM: The epidemiology of open fractures in adults. A 15-year review. Injury 2012; 43: 891–7.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.12.007"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arruda LRP, Silva MAdC, Malerba FG, Fernandes MdC, Tur\u00edbio FM, Matsumoto MH: Open fractures: prospective and epidemiological study. Acta Ortop Bras 2009; 17: 326–30.","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-78522009000600002"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber CD, Hildebrand F, Kobbe P, et al.: Epidemiology of open tibia fractures in a population-based database: update on current risk factors and clinical implications. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2019; 45: 445–53.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-018-0916-9"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ring D, Allende C, Jafarnia K, Allende BT, Jupiter JB: Ununited diaphyseal forearm fractures with segmental defects: plate fixation and autogenous cancellous bone-grafting. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004; 86: 2440–5.","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200411000-00013"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regan DK, Crespo AM, Konda SR, Egol KA: Functional outcomes of compression plating and bone grafting for operative treatment of nonunions about the forearm. J Hand Surg Am 2018; 43: 564. e1–e9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2017.10.039"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref38","unstructured":"Reuter P: Springer Lexikon Medizin. Berlin: Springer 2004."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref39","unstructured":"Weber BG, Czech O: Pseudarthrosen: Pathophysiologie, Biomechanik,Therapie, Ergebnisse. Bern, Stuttgart, Wien: Huber 1973."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meiners J, Gerlach U, M\u00e4gerlein S, J\u00fcrgens C, Faschingbauer M: Pseudarthrosen. Chirurg 2009; 80: 979.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00104-009-1779-8"}],"container-title":["Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt international"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T13:01:11Z","timestamp":1670331671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0300","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-0452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-0452","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]}}}