{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T12:41:13Z","timestamp":1772109673449,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T10:03:17Z","timestamp":1727344997000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ion channel diseases as a cause of sudden cardiac death in young people"],"prefix":"10.3238","author":[{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"El-Battrawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"M\u00fcgge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Akin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huu Phuc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Milting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Assem","family":"Aweimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11437","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong MH, Fonarow GC, Peterson ED, et al.: Systematic review of the incidence of sudden cardiac death in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 794&#8211;801.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.09.064"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilmer CM, Kirsh JA, Hildebrandt D, Krahn AD, Gow RM: Sudden cardiac death in children and adolescents between 1 and 19 years of age. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11: 239&#8211;45.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2013.11.006"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, et al.: Burden of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1 to 49 years: nationwide study in Denmark. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014; 7: 205&#8211;11.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.113.001421"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winkel BG, Holst AG, Theilade J, et al.: Nationwide study of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1&#8211;35 years. Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 983&#8211;90.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq428"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adabag AS, Peterson G, Apple FS, Titus J, King R, Luepker RV: Etiology of sudden death in the community: results of anatomical, metabolic, and genetic evaluation. Am Heart J 2010; 159: 33&#8211;9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2009.10.019"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref6","unstructured":"Eckart RE, Shry EA, Burke AP, et al.: Sudden death in young adults: an autopsy-based series of a population undergoing active surveillance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 1254&#8211;61."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGorrian C, Constant O, Harper N, et al.: Family-based cardiac screening in relatives of victims of sudden arrhythmic death syndrome. Europace 2013; 15: 1050&#8211;8.","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eus408"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tfelt-Hansen J, Gregers Winkel B, de Riva M, Zeppenfeld K, et al.: The &#8218;10 commandments&#8216; for the 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:176&#8211;7.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac699"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref9","unstructured":"Arbelo E, Protonotarios A, Gimeno JR, et al.: 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J 2023; 44: 3503&#8211;626."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref10","unstructured":"Beckmann BM, Pfeufer A, Kaab S: Inherited cardiac arrhythmias: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2011; 108: 623&#8211;33; quiz 34."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kauferstein S, Kiehne N, Neumann T, Pitschner HF, Bratzke H:Cardiac gene defects can cause sudden cardiac death in young people. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106: 41&#8211;7.","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2009.0041"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinfurt J, Biermann J, Bode C, Odening KE: The diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment of Brugada syndrome. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2015; 112: 394&#8211;401.","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2015.0394"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref13","unstructured":"Priori SG, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C.: 2015 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death summarized by co-chairs. Eur Heart J 2015; 36: 2793&#8211;867."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adler A, Novelli V, Amin AS, et al.: An international, multicentered, evidence-based reappraisal of genes reported to cause congenital long QT syndrome. Circulation 2020; 141: 418&#8211;28.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043132"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseini SM, Kim R, Udupa S, et al.: Reappraisal of reported genes for sudden arrhythmic death: evidence-based evaluation of gene validity for Brugada syndrome. Circulation 2018; 138: 1195&#8211;205.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035070"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh R, Adler A, Amin AS, et al.: Evaluation of gene validity for CPVT and short QT syndrome in sudden arrhythmic death. Eur Heart J 2022; 43: 1500&#8211;10.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab687"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz PJ, Crotti L: QTc behavior during exercise and genetic testing for the long-QT syndrome. Circulation 2011; 124: 2181&#8211;4.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.062182"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, Napolitano C, et al.: Risk stratification in the long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1866&#8211;74.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022147"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref19","unstructured":"Woosley RLHC, Gallo T, Woosley RD, Lambson J, Romero KA: Crediblemeds, QTdrugs List. www.crediblemeds.org (last accessed on&nbsp;27 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzanti A, Maragna R, Faragli A, et al.: Gene-specific therapy with mexiletine reduces arrhythmic events in patients with long QT syndrome type 3. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67: 1053&#8211;8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.12.033"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nademanee K, Taylor R, Bailey WE, Rieders DE, Kosar EM: Treating electrical storm : sympathetic blockade versus advanced cardiac life support-guided therapy. Circulation 2000; 102: 742&#8211;7.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.7.742"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref22","unstructured":"Postema PG, de Jong JSSG: BruugadaDrugs.org, Safe drug use and the Brugada syndrome. www.brugadadrugs.org\/drug-lists\/ (last accessed on 19 August 2024)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Z, Mu J, Chen X, Dong H: Sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome in central China (Hubei): a 16-year retrospective study of autopsy cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: e2882.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002882"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quan XQ, Li S, Liu R, Zheng K, Wu XF, Tang Q: A meta-analytic review of prevalence for Brugada ECG patterns and the risk for death. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: e5643.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005643"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casado-Arroyo R, Berne P, Rao JY, et al.: Long-term trends in newly diagnosed Brugada syndrome: implications for risk stratification. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68: 614&#8211;23.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.05.073"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss R, Barmada MM, Nguyen T, et al.: Clinical and molecular heterogeneity in the Brugada syndrome: a novel gene locus on chromosome 3. Circulation 2002; 105: 707&#8211;13.","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0602.103618"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Q, Kirsch GE, Zhang D, et al.: Genetic basis and molecular mechanism for idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Nature 1998; 392: 293&#8211;6.","DOI":"10.1038\/32675"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milman A, Andorin A, Gourraud JB, et al.: Profile of patients with Brugada syndrome presenting with their first documented arrhythmic event: data from the Survey on Arrhythmic Events in BRUgada Syndrome (SABRUS). Heart Rhythm 2018; 15: 716&#8211;24.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.01.014"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sacher F, Arsac F, Wilton SB, et al.: Syncope in Brugada syndrome patients: prevalence, characteristics, and outcome. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9: 1272&#8211;9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2012.04.013"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Postema PG, Neville J, de Jong JS, Romero K, Wilde AA, Woosley RL: Safe drug use in long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome: comparison of website statistics. Europace 2013; 15: 1042&#8211;9.","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eut018"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michowitz Y, Milman A, Sarquella-Brugada G, et al.: Fever-related arrhythmic events in the multicenter Survey on arrhythmic events in Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2018; 15: 1394&#8211;401.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.04.007"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim G, Kyung YC, Kang IS, Song J, Huh J, On YK: A pediatric case of Brugada syndrome diagnosed by fever-provoked ventricular tachycardia. Korean J Pediatr 2014; 57: 374&#8211;8.","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2014.57.8.374"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wakita R, Watanabe I, Okumura Y, et al.: Brugada-like electrocardiographic pattern unmasked by fever. Jpn Heart J 2004; 45: 163&#8211;7.","DOI":"10.1536\/jhj.45.163"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roterberg G, El-Battrawy I, Veith M, et al.: Arrhythmic events in brugada syndrome patients induced by fever. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2020; 25: e12723.","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12723"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holst AG, Tang\u00f8 M, Batchvarov V, et al.: Specificity of elevated intercostal space ECG recording for the type 1 brugada ECG pattern. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2012; 17: 108&#8211;12.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2012.00499.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brugada R, Brugada J, Antzelevitch C, et al.: Sodium channel blockers identify risk for sudden death in patients with ST-segment elevation and right bundle branch block but structurally normal hearts. Circulation 2000; 101: 510&#8211;5.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.5.510"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bay\u00e9s de Luna A, Brugada J, Baranchuk A, et al.: Current electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosis of Brugada pattern: a consensus report. J Electrocardiol 2012; 45: 433&#8211;42.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2012.06.004"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Therasse D, Sacher F, Petit B, et al.: Sodium-channel blocker challenge in the familial screening of Brugada syndrome: safety and predictors of positivity. Heart Rhythm 2017; 14: 1442&#8211;8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.06.031"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Therasse D, Sacher F, Babuty D, et al.: Value of the sodium-channel blocker challenge in Brugada syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2017; 245: 178&#8211;80.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.05.099"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagase S, Hiramatsu S, Morita H, et al.: Electroanatomical correlation of repolarization abnormalities in Brugada syndrome: detection of type 1 electrocardiogram in the right ventricular outflow tract. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 2143&#8211;5.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.06.050"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerrato N, Giustetto C, Gribaudo E, et al.: Prevalence of type 1 brugada electrocardiographic pattern evaluated by twelve-lead twenty-four-hour holter monitoring. Am J Cardiol 2015; 115: 52&#8211;6.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.10.007"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Dinkel H, Pakalniskyte D, et al.: Novel insights in the pathomechanism of Brugada syndrome and fever-related type 1 ECG changes in a preclinical study using human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13: e1130.","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1130"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gehi AK, Duong TD, Metz LD, Gomes JA, Mehta D: Risk stratification of individuals with the Brugada electrocardiogram: a meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006; 17: 577&#8211;83.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2006.00455.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNamara DA, Goldberger JJ, Berendsen MA, Huffman MD: Implantable defibrillators versus medical therapy for cardiac channelopathies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015: CD011168.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011168.pub2"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Battrawy I, Roterberg G, Kowitz J, et al.: Incidence, recurrence and management of electrical storm in Brugada syndrome. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9: 981715.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.981715"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brugada J, Pappone C, Berruezo A, et al.: Brugada syndrome phenotype elimination by epicardial substrate ablation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015; 8: 1373&#8211;81.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.003220"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pappone C, Brugada J, Vicedomini G, et al.: Electrical substrate elimination in 135 consecutive patients with Brugada syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2017; 10: e005053.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.117.005053"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sieira J, Brugada P: Brugada syndrome: defining the risk in asymptomatic patients. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2016; 5: 164&#8211;9.","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2016:22:3"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Battrawy I, Roterberg G, Liebe V, et al.: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in Brugada syndrome: Long-term follow-up. Clin Cardiol 2019; 42: 958&#8211;65.","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23247"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morita H, Kusano KF, Miura D, et al.: Fragmented QRS as a marker of conduction abnormality and a predictor of prognosis of Brugada syndrome. Circulation 2008; 118: 1697&#8211;704.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.770917"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tokioka K, Kusano KF, Morita H, et al.: Electrocardiographic parameters and fatal arrhythmic events in patients with Brugada syndrome: combination of depolarization and repolarization abnormalities. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63: 2131&#8211;8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.01.072"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkozy A, Chierchia GB, Paparella G, et al.: Inferior and lateral electrocardiographic repolarization abnormalities in Brugada syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2009; 2: 154&#8211;61.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.108.795153"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aweimer A, Mugge A, Akin I, El-Battrawy I: [Asymptomatic channelopathies : risk stratification and primary prophylaxis]. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2023; 34: 101&#8211;8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00399-023-00937-4"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veith M, El-Battrawy I, Roterberg G, et al.: Long-term follow-up of patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular arrhythmia. J Clin Med 2020; 9: 903.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040903"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi G, Kopplin LJ, Tester DJ, Will ML, Haglund CM, Ackerman MJ: Spectrum and frequency of cardiac channel defects in swimming-triggered arrhythmia syndromes. Circulation 2004; 110: 2119&#8211;24.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000144471.98080.CA"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leenhardt A, Lucet V, Denjoy I, Grau F, Ngoc DD, Coumel P: Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in children. A 7-year follow-up of 21 patients. Circulation 1995; 91: 1512&#8211;9.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.91.5.1512"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richter S, Brugada P: Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: 1189.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.03.086"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Werf C, Nederend I, Hofman N, et al.: Familial evaluation in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: disease penetrance and expression in cardiac ryanodine receptor mutation-carrying relatives. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012; 5: 748&#8211;56.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.112.970517"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marjamaa A, Hiippala A, Arrhenius B, et al.: Intravenous epinephrine infusion test in diagnosis of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012; 23: 194&#8211;9.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2011.02188.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref60","unstructured":"Bergeman AT, Lieve KVV, Kallas D, et al.: Flecainide is associated with a lower incidence of arrhythmic events in a large cohort of patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 2023; 148: 2029&#8211;37."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayashi M, Denjoy I, Extramiana F, et al.: Incidence and risk factors of arrhythmic events in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 2009; 119: 2426&#8211;34.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.829267"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Werf C, Kannankeril PJ, Sacher F, et al.: Flecainide therapy reduces exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 2244&#8211;54.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.01.026"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Ferrari GM, Dusi V, Spazzolini C, et al.: Clinical management of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: the role of left cardiac sympathetic denervation. Circulation 2015; 131: 2185&#8211;93.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.015731"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Werf C, Lieve KV, Bos JM, et al.: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in previously undiagnosed patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia resuscitated from sudden cardiac arrest. Eur Heart J 2019; 40: 2953&#8211;61.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz309"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haruta D, Matsuo K, Tsuneto A, et al.: Incidence and prognostic value of early repolarization pattern in the 12-lead electrocardiogram. Circulation 2011; 123: 2931&#8211;7.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.006460"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinner MF, Reinhard W, Muller M, et al.: Association of early repolarization pattern on ECG with risk of cardiac and all-cause mortality: a population-based prospective cohort study (MONICA\/KORA). PLoS Med 2010; 7: e1000314.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000314"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tikkanen JT, Anttonen O, Junttila MJ, et al.: Long-term outcome associated with early repolarization on electrocardiography. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 2529&#8211;37.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907589"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tikkanen JT, Junttila MJ, Anttonen O, et al.: Early repolarization: electrocardiographic phenotypes associated with favorable long-term outcome. Circulation 2011; 123: 2666&#8211;73.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.014068"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aagaard P, Baranowski B, Aziz P, Phelan D: Early repolarization in athletes: a review. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016; 9: e003577.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.003577"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gussak I, Antzelevitch C: Early repolarization syndrome: clinical characteristics and possible cellular and ionic mechanisms. J Electrocardiol 2000; 33: 299&#8211;309.","DOI":"10.1054\/jelc.2000.18106"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref71","unstructured":"Haissaguerre M, Derval N, Sacher F, et al.: Sudden cardiac arrest associated with early repolarization. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2016&#8211;23."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosso R, Kogan E, Belhassen B, et al.: J-point elevation in survivors of primary ventricular fibrillation and matched control subjects: incidence and clinical significance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 1231&#8211;8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.07.010"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauveau S, Janin A, Till M, Morel E, Chevalier P, Millat G: Early repolarization syndrome caused by de novo duplication of KCND3 detected by next-generation sequencing. HeartRhythm Case Rep 2017; 3: 574&#8211;8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrcr.2017.08.003"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref74","unstructured":"Haissaguerre M, Sacher F, Nogami A, et al.: Characteristics of recurrent ventricular fibrillation associated with inferolateral early repolarization role of drug therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 612&#8211;9."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aizawa Y, Chinushi M, Hasegawa K, et al.: Electrical storm in idiopathic ventricular fibrillation is associated with early repolarization. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 1015&#8211;9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.030"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzanti A, Underwood K, Nevelev D, Kofman S, Priori SG: The new kids on the block of arrhythmogenic disorders: short QT syndrome and early repolarization. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2017; 28: 1226&#8211;36.","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.13265"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gussak I, Brugada P, Brugada J, et al.: Idiopathic short QT interval: a new clinical syndrome? Cardiology 2000; 94: 99&#8211;102.","DOI":"10.1159\/000047299"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Battrawy I, Besler J, Liebe V, et al.: Long-term follow-up of patients with short QT syndrome: clinical profile and outcome. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7: e010073.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010073"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gollob MH, Redpath CJ, Roberts JD: The short QT syndrome: proposed diagnostic criteria. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 802&#8211;12.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.09.048"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surawicz B: Electrolytes and the Electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 1963; 12: 656&#8211;62.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(63)90255-8"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng TO: Digitalis administration: an underappreciated but common cause of short QT interval. Circulation 2004; 109: e152; author reply e152.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000118177.56908.5B"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00e9linas R, Leach E, Horvath G, Laksman Z: Molecular autopsy implicates primary carnitine deficiency in sudden unexplained death and reversible short QT syndrome. Can J Cardiol 2019; 35: 1256 e1&#8211; e2.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2019.05.014"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzanti A, Maragna R, Vacanti G, et al.: Hydroquinidine prevents life-threatening arrhythmic events in patients with short QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70: 3010&#8211;5.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.10.025"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juang JJ, Horie M: Genetics of Brugada syndrome. J Arrhythm 2016; 32: 418&#8211;25.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joa.2016.07.012"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Lang S, Akin I, Zhou X, El-Battrawy I: Brugada syndrome: different experimental models and the role of human cardiomyocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11: e024410.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.024410"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapplinger JD, Tester DJ, Alders M, et al.: An international compendium of mutations in the SCN5A-encoded cardiac sodium channel in patients referred for Brugada syndrome genetic testing. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7: 33&#8211;46.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.09.069"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priori SG, Napolitano C, Gasparini M, et al.: Clinical and genetic heterogeneity of right bundle branch block and ST-segment elevation syndrome: a prospective evaluation of 52 families. Circulation 2000; 102: 2509&#8211;15.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.20.2509"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulze-Bahr E, Eckardt L, Breithardt G, et al.: Sodium channel gene (SCN5A) mutations in 44 index patients with Brugada syndrome: different incidences in familial and sporadic disease. Hum Mutat 2003; 21: 651&#8211;2.","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.9144"}],"container-title":["Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt international"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T10:04:11Z","timestamp":1727345051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"references-count":88,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0130","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-0452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-0452","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]}}}