{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:08:26Z","timestamp":1790140106829,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T14:23:14Z","timestamp":1754058194000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Treatment options for the comorbidity of multiple sclerosis with other chronic inflammatory diseases"],"prefix":"10.3238","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bittner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin A.","family":"Kriegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britta","family":"Siegmund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"K\u00fcmpfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Sabat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11437","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakimovski D, Bittner S, Zivadinov R, et al.: Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2024; 403: 183\u2013202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01473-3"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leal Rato M, Santos M, de Sa J, Ferreira J: Comorbid autoimmune disorders in people with multiple sclerosis: A retrospective cohort study. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 385: 578226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2023.578226"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marrie RA, Reider N, Cohen J, et al.: A systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of autoimmune disease in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2015; 21: 282\u201393","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514564490"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauer L, Perneczky J, Sellner J: A global view of comorbidity in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review with a focus on regional differences, methodology, and clinical implications. J Neurol 2021; 268: 4066\u201377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10107-y"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref5","unstructured":"Akmatov MK, Holstiege H, Dammertz L, Kohring C, M\u00fcller D: Entwicklung der Pr\u00e4valenz diagnostizierter Autoimmunerkrankungen im Zeitraum 2012\u20132022. Zentralinstitut f\u00fcr die kassen\u00e4rztliche Versorgung in Deutschland (Zi). Versorgungsatlas-Bericht Nr 24\/05 Berlin 2024."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conrad N, Misra S, Verbakel JY, et al.: Incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of autoimmune disorders over time and by age, sex, and socioeconomic status: A population-based cohort study of 22 million individuals in the UK. Lancet 2023; 401: 1878\u201390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00457-9"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta G, Gelfand JM, Lewis JD: Increased risk for demyelinating diseases in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 819\u201326","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.06.022"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaqubi K, Kostev K, Klein I, et al.: Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with an increase in the incidence of multiple sclerosis: A retrospective cohort study of 24,934 patients. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29: 186","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-01776-w"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marrie RA, Patten SB, Tremlett H, Wolfson C, Leung S, Fisk JD: Increased incidence and prevalence of psoriasis in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2017; 13: 81\u20136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.02.012"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng CC, Chang SJ, Tsai WC, et al.: Increased incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in multiple sclerosis: A nationwide cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: e3999","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003999"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu CY, Tung TH, Lee CY, Chang KH, Wang SH, Chi CC: Association of Multiple Sclerosis with Psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Clin Dermatol 2019; 20: 201\u20138","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-018-0399-9"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudick RA, Stuart WH, Calabresi PA, et al.: Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 911\u201323","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044396"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwab N, Schneider-Hohendorf T, Melzer N, Cutter G, Wiendl H: Natalizumab-associated PML: Challenges with incidence, resulting risk, and risk stratification. Neurology 2017; 88: 1197\u2013205","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003739"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brummer T, Ruck T, Meuth SG, Zipp F, Bittner S: Treatment approaches to patients with multiple sclerosis and coexisting autoimmune disorders. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2021; 14: 17562864211035542","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211035542"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konen FF, Mohn N, Witte T, et al.: Treatment of autoimmunity: The impact of disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis and comorbid autoimmune disorders. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22: 103312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103312"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langley RG, Elewski BE, Lebwohl M, et al.: Secukinumab in plaque psoriasis\u2014results of two phase 3 trials. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 326\u201338","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1314258"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox RJ, Miller DH, Phillips JT, et al.: Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1087\u201397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1206328"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gold R, Kappos L, Arnold DL, et al.: Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1098\u2013107","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114287"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsivgoulis G, Papadimitropoulos GN, Katsanos AH, et al.: Teaching neuroImages: Interferon-induced psoriasis flare in a multiple sclerosis case remits with dimethyl fumarate. Neurology 2017; 89: e188\u2013e9","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004501"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zecca C, Caporro M, Adami M, Mainetti C, Gobbi C: Fumaric acid esters in psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 39: 488\u201391","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12326"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaclavkova A, Chimenti S, Arenberger P, et al.: Oral ponesimod in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet 2014; 384: 2036\u201345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60803-5"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avasarala J, Guduru Z, McLouth CJ, et al.: Use of anti-TNF-alpha therapy in Crohn\u2018s disease is associated with increased incidence of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 51: 102942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102942"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosch X, Saiz A, Ramos-Casals M, Group BS: Monoclonal antibody therapy-associated neurological disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2011; 7: 165\u201372","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.1"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kopp TI, Delcoigne B, Arkema EV, et al.: Risk of neuroinflammatory events in arthritis patients treated with tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors: A collaborative population-based cohort study from Denmark and Sweden. Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 79: 566\u201372","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216693"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havrdova E, Belova A, Goloborodko A, et al.: Activity of secukinumab, an anti-IL-17A antibody, on brain lesions in RRMS: Results from a randomized, proof-of-concept study. J Neurol 2016; 263: 1287\u201395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8128-x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eyerich K, Asadullah K, Pinter A, et al.: Noninferiority of 16-week vs 8-week guselkumab dosing in super responders for maintaining control of psoriasis: The GUIDE randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol 2024; 160: 953\u201363","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.2463"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segal BM, Constantinescu CS, Raychaudhuri A, et al.: Repeated subcutaneous injections of IL12\/23 p40 neutralising antibody, ustekinumab, in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, dose-ranging study. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 796\u2013804","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70173-X"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref28","unstructured":"Hemmer B: Diagnose und Therapie der Multiplen Sklerose, Neuromyelitis-optica Spektrum-Erkrankungen und MOG-IgG-assoziierten Erkrankungen, S2k-Leitlinie, 2024. In: Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Neurologie (eds.): Leitlinien f\u00fcr Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. https:\/\/www.dgn.org\/leitlinie\/diagnose-und-therapie-der-multiplen-sklerose-neuromyelitis-optica-spektrum-erkrankungen-und-mog-igg-assoziierten-erkrankungen (last accessed on 26 June 2025)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gossec L, Kerschbaumer A, Ferreira RJO, et al.: EULAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis 2024; 83: 706\u201319","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2024-225531"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smolen JS, Landewe RBM, Bergstra SA, et al.: EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2022 update. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82: 3\u201318","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223356corr1"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Comi G, et al.: Ocrelizumab versus Interferon Beta-1a in relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2017; 376: 221\u201334","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601277"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montalban X, Hauser SL, Kappos L, et al.: Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive Multiple Sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2017; 376: 209\u201320","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606468"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rigby W, Tony HP, Oelke K, et al.: Safety and efficacy of ocrelizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate: Results of a forty-eight-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase III trial. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64: 350\u20139","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33317"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stohl W, Gomez-Reino J, Olech E, et al.: Safety and efficacy of ocrelizumab in combination with methotrexate in MTX-naive subjects with rheumatoid arthritis: The phase III FILM trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71: 1289\u201396","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200706"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tak PP, Mease PJ, Genovese MC, et al.: Safety and efficacy of ocrelizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to at least one tumor necrosis factor inhibitor: Results of a forty-eight-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase III trial. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64: 360\u201370","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33353"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor PC, Quattrocchi E, Mallett S, Kurrasch R, Petersen J, Chang DJ: Ofatumumab, a fully human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in biological-naive, rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70: 2119\u201325","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2011.151522"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwab N, Schneider-Hohendorf T, Hoyt T, et al.: Anti-JCV serology during natalizumab treatment: Review and meta-analysis of 17 independent patient cohorts analyzing anti-John Cunningham polyoma virus sero-conversion rates under natalizumab treatment and differences between technical and biological sero-converters. Mult Scler 2018; 24: 563\u201373","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517728814"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, Sands BE, et al.: Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 699\u2013710","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215734"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, et al.: Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn\u2018s disease. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 711\u201321","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215739"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, D\u2018Haens G, et al.: Ozanimod as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2021; 385: 1280\u201391","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2033617"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harroud A, Hafler DA: Common genetic factors among autoimmune diseases. Science 2023; 380: 485\u201390","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg2992"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghoreschi K, Balato A, Enerback C, Sabat R: Therapeutics targeting the IL-23 and IL-17 pathway in psoriasis. Lancet 2021; 397: 754\u201366","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00184-7"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabat R, Gudjonsson JE, Brembilla NC, van Straalen KR, Wolk K: Biology of interleukin-17 and novel therapies for hidradenitis suppurativa. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2023; 43: 544\u201356","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2023.0105"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieboer C, de Hoop D, van Loenen AC, Langendijk PN, van Dijk E: Systemic therapy with fumaric acid derivates: New possibilities in the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 20: 601\u20138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70071-2"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGinley MP, Cohen JA: Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators in multiple sclerosis and other conditions. Lancet 2021; 398: 1184\u201394","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00244-0"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darwin E, Romanelli P, Lev-Tov H: Ocrelizumab-induced psoriasiform dermatitis in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Dermatol Online J 2018; 24: 13030\/qt220859qb","DOI":"10.5070\/D3247040917"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venables ZC, Swart SS, Soon CS: Palmoplantar pustulosis secondary to rituximab: A case report and literature review. Clin Exp Dermatol 2015; 40: 451\u20132","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12527"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emma C, Vesela P, Kay P, et al.: Psoriasiform dermatitis following ocrelizumab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Case report and literature review. Mult Scler 2024; 30: 893\u20137","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241232277"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolsche T, Willison AG, Meuth SG, et al.: Ofatumumab-induced severe reactivation of psoriasis in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2024; 30: 1086\u20138","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241260564"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leone GM, Mangano K, Petralia MC, Nicoletti F, Fagone P: Past, present and (foreseeable) future of biological anti-TNF alpha therapy. J Clin Med 2023; 12: 1630","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041630"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregory AP, Dendrou CA, Attfield KE, et al.: TNF receptor 1 genetic risk mirrors outcome of anti-TNF therapy in multiple sclerosis. Nature 2012; 488: 508\u201311","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11307"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronin E, Pouchy C, Khosravi M, et al.: Tissue-restricted control of established central nervous system autoimmunity by TNF receptor 2-expressing Treg cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118: e2014043118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014043118"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref53","unstructured":"Ashtari F, Savoj MR: Effects of low dose methotrexate on relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in comparison to Interferon beta-1alpha: A randomized controlled trial. J Res Med Sci 2011; 16: 457\u201362."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodkin DE, Rudick RA, VanderBrug Medendorp S, Daughtry MM, Van Dyke C: Low-dose oral methotrexate in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: Analyses of serial MRIs. Neurology 1996; 47: 1153\u20137","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.5.1153"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen SB, Emery P, Greenwald MW, et al.: Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 2793\u2013806","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22025"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svenningsson A, Frisell T, Burman J, et al.: Safety and efficacy of rituximab versus dimethyl fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis or clinically isolated syndrome in Sweden: A rater-blinded, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21: 693\u2013703","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00209-5"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beauchemin P, Carruthers R: MS arising during Tocilizumab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Mult Scler 2016; 22: 254\u20136","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515623862"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato H, Kobayashi D, Abe A, et al.: Tocilizumab treatment safety in rheumatoid arthritis in a patient with multiple sclerosis: A case report. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7: 641","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-641"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eibschutz B, Baird SM, Weisman MH, et al.: Oral 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in psoriatic arthritis. A preliminary report. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38: 1604\u20139","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780381112"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schirmer M, Mur E, Pfeiffer KP, Thaler J, Konwalinka G: The safety profile of low-dose cladribine in refractory rheumatoid arthritis. A pilot trial. Scand J Rheumatol 1997; 26: 376\u20139","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749709065702"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudick RA, Stuart WH, Calabresi PA, et al.: Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 911\u201323","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044396"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polman CH, O\u2019Connor PW, Havrdova E, et al.: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 899\u2013910","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044397"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, Enns R, et al.: Natalizumab induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn\u2018s disease. N Engl J Med; 353: 1912\u201325","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043335"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen JA, Comi G, Selmaj KW, et al.: Safety and efficacy of ozanimod versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis (RADIANCE): a multicentre, randomised, 24-month, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18: 1021\u201333","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30238-8"}],"container-title":["Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt international"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T14:23:25Z","timestamp":1754058205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"references-count":64,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0088","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-0452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-0452","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]}}}