{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:43:04Z","timestamp":1792446184007,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T10:05:41Z","timestamp":1775642741000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Fever Management in Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3238","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Niehues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanno","family":"Krafft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Schemmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricarda","family":"M\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11437","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hay AD, Heron J, Ness A: The prevalence of symptoms and consultations in pre-school children in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC): A prospective cohort study. Fam Pract 2005, 22: 367–74.","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmi035"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peetoom K, Crutzen R, Dinant GJ, Cals J: Most preschool children with fever and common infection symptoms do not consult the family physician. Fam Pract 2019; 36: 371–3.","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmy079"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Bont EGPM, Lepot JMM, Hendrix DAS, et al.: Workload and management of childhood fever at general practice out-of-hours care: An observational cohort study. BMJ Open 2015; 5: e007365.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007365"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans SS, Repasky EA, Fisher DT: Fever and the thermal regulation of immunity: The immune system feels the heat. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15: 335–49.","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3843"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wrotek S, LeGrand EK, Dzialuk A, Alcock J: Let fever do its job: The meaning of fever in the pandemic era. Evol Med Public Health 2021; 9: 26–35.","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoaa044"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trautner BW, Caviness AC, Gerlacher GR, Demmler G, Macias CG: Prospective evaluation of the risk of serious bacterial infection in children who present to the emergency department with hyperpyrexia (temperature of 106\u00b0F or higher). Pediatrics 2006; 118: 34–40.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2823"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rachad S, Nickel D, Berry F, et al.: Risk of serious bacterial infections in pediatric patients with hyperpyrexia. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2024; 5: e13135.","DOI":"10.1002\/emp2.13135"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref8","unstructured":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Kinder- und Jugendmedizin (DGKJ), Gesellschaft f\u00fcr P\u00e4diatrische Infektiologie (DGPI), Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin (DEGAM), et al.: S3-Leitlinie „Fiebermanagement bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (ambulant)“. AWMF-Registernummer 027–054, Stand: 2024. https:\/\/register.awmf.org\/de\/leitlinien\/detail\/027–074 (last accessed on 16 October 2025)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref9","unstructured":"Gesellschaft f\u00fcr P\u00e4diatrische Onkologie und H\u00e4matologie (GPOH), Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr P\u00e4diatrische Infektiologie (DGPI), Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Kinder- und Jugendmedizin (DGKJ): S2k-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie bei Fieber ohne Fokus w\u00e4hrend der Granulozytopenie (Kinderonkologie)“. AWMF-Registernummer 048–014, Version 2.0, Stand: M\u00e4rz 2024. https:\/\/register.awmf.org\/de\/leitlinien\/detail\/048-014 (last accessed on 16 October 2025)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref10","unstructured":"Arbeitsgemeinschaft P\u00e4diatrische Immunologie (API): S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik auf Vorliegen eines prim\u00e4ren Immundefekts“. AWMF-Registernummer 189–003, Version 3.0, Stand: Juli 2025. https:\/\/register.awmf.org\/de\/leitlinien\/detail\/189-003 (last accessed on 16 October 2025)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref11","unstructured":"Mukoviszidose e.V. und AWMF: S3-Leitlinie „Mukoviszidose bei Kindern in den ersten beiden Lebensjahren“. AWMF-Registernummer 026–024, Stand: 2022. https:\/\/register.awmf.org\/de\/leitlinien\/detail\/026-024 (last accessed on 16 October 2025)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref12","unstructured":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr P\u00e4diatrische Kardiologie und Angeborene Herzfehler (DGPK): S2k-Leitlinie „Prim\u00e4re Kardiomyopathien im Kindes- und Jugendalter“. https:\/\/register.awmf.org\/de\/leitlinien\/detail\/023–024 (last accessed on 16 October 2025)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref13","unstructured":"Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG): S3-Leitlinie „Therapie des Diabetes mellitus im Kindes- und Jugendalter“. AWMF-Registernummer 057–016, Stand: 2022. https:\/\/register.awmf.org\/de\/leitlinien\/detail\/057-016 (last accessed on 16 October 2025)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref14","unstructured":"Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN): SIGN 50: A guideline developer‘s handbook. Edinburgh: SIGN; 2019. www.sign.ac.uk (last accessed on 8 October 2025)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al.: GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008; 336: 924–6.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beerenbrock Y, Jenetzky E, Martin D, et al.: FeverApp for parents: A multilingual and socially accountable approach to paediatric fever management in Germany. J CME 2024; 13: 2352940.","DOI":"10.1080\/28338073.2024.2352940"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref17","unstructured":"Bundeszentrale f\u00fcr gesundheitliche Aufkl\u00e4rung. Fieber. Fieber bei Babys und Kindern. Verf\u00fcgbar unter: www.kindergesundheit-info.de\/themen\/krankes-kind\/krankheitszeichen\/fieber\/ (last accessed on 22 November 2025)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michelson KA, Neuman M I, Pruitt CM, et al.: Height of fever and invasive bacterial infection. Arch Dis Child 2021; 106: 594–6.","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-318548"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref19","unstructured":"Kinderformularium.de: Evidenzbasierte Arzneimittelinformation f\u00fcr Kinder und Jugendliche. www.kinderformularium.de (last accessed on 26 November 2025)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenbloom E, Finkelstein Y, Adams-Webber T, Kozer E: Do antipyretics prevent the recurrence of febrile seizures in children? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2013; 17: 585–8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2013.04.008"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref21","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE): Fever in under 5s: assessment and initial management. NICE guideline [NG143] 2021. www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng143 (last accessed on 8 October 2025)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiappini E, Principi N, Longhi R, et al.: Management of fever in children: Summary of the Italian pediatric society guidelines. Clin Ther 2009; 31: 1826–43.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.08.006"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green C, Krafft H, Guyatt G, Martin D: Symptomatic fever management in children: A systematic review of national and international guidelines. PLOSONE 2021 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0245815 (last accessed on 2 March 2026).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245815"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niven DJ, Gaudet JE, Laupland KB, Mrklas KJ, Roberts DJ, Stelfox HT: Accuracy of peripheral thermometers for estimating temperature: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2015; 163: 768–77.","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-1150"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhen C, Xia Z, Ya Jun Z, et al.: Accuracy of infrared tympanic thermometry used in the diagnosis of fever in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2015; 54: 114–26.","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922814545492"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pecoraro V, Petri D, Costantino G, et al.: The diagnostic accuracy of digital, infrared and mercury-in-glass thermometers in measuring body temperature: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Intern Emerg Med 2021; 16: 1071–83.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-020-02556-0"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi D, Zhang LY, Li HX: Diagnostic test accuracy of new generation tympanic thermometry in children under different cutoffs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatrics 2020; 20: 210.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02097-7"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig JV, Lancaster GA, Williamson PR, Smyth RL: Temperature measured at the axilla compared with rectum in children and young people: Systematic review. BMJ 2000; 320: 1174–8.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7243.1174"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li YW, Zhou LS, Li X: Accuracy of tactile assessment of fever in children by caregivers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian Pediatr 2017; 54: 215–21.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-017-1034-1"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenfeld-Yehoshua N, Barkan S, Abu-Kishk I, Booch M, Suhami R, Kozer E: Hyperpyrexia and high fever as a predictor for serious bacterial infection (SBI) in children-a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 2018; 177: 337–44.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-3098-x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watts R, Robertson J, Thomas G: Nursing management of fever in children: A systematic review. Int J Nurs Pract 2003; 9: S1–S8.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-172X.2003.00412.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong T, Stang AS, Ganshorn H, et al.: Combined and alternating paracetamol and ibuprofen therapy for febrile children. Evid Based Child Health 2014; 9: 675–729.","DOI":"10.1002\/ebch.1978"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trippella G, Ciarci\u00e0 M, de Martino M, Chiappini E: Prescribing controversies: An updated review and meta-analysis on combined\/alternating use of ibuprofen and paracetamol in febrile children. Front Pediatr 2019; 7: 217.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00217"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan E, Braithwaite I, McKinlay CJD, Dalziel SR: Comparison of acetaminophen (paracetamol) with ibuprofen for treatment of fever or pain in children younger than 2 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3: e2022398.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.22398"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6tter T, da Costa BR, F\u00e4ssler M, et al.: Metamizole-associated adverse events: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 2015; 10: e0122918.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122918"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King D: Question 2: Does a failure to respond to antipyretics predict serious illness in children with a fever? Arch Dis Child 2013; 98: 644–6.","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304497"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinmonth AL, Fulton Y, Campbell MJ: Management of feverish children at home. BMJ 1992; 305: 1134–6.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6862.1134"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashimoto R, Suto M, Tsuji M, et al.: Use of antipyretics for preventing febrile seizure recurrence in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180: 987–97.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03845-8"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Offringa M, Newton R, Cozijnsen MA, Nevitt SJ: Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 2: CD003031.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003031.pub3"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das RR, Panigrahi I, Naik SS: The effect of prophylactic antipyretic administration on post-vaccination adverse reactions and antibody response in children: A systematic review. PLoS ONE 2014; 9:","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106629"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koufoglou E, Kourlaba G, Michos A: Effect of prophylactic administration of antipyretics on the immune response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in children: A systematic review. Pneumonia 2021; 13: 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-021-00085-8"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal N, Garg M, Dwarakanathan V, et al.: Diagnostic accuracy of non-contact infrared thermometers and thermal scanners: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Travel Med 2020; 27: taaa193.","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa193"}],"container-title":["Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt international"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T10:07:12Z","timestamp":1775642832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-0452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-0452","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]}}}