{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T14:54:44Z","timestamp":1781708084164,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T14:11:28Z","timestamp":1781705488000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The differential diagnosis of diplopia"],"prefix":"10.3238","author":[{"given":"Wolf A.","family":"Lagr\u00e8ze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lischka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Eckstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Oeverhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Dieterich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Strupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11437","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lott LB de, Kerber KA, Lee PP, Brown DL, Burke JF: Diplopia-related ambulatory and emergency department visits in the United States, 2003–2012. JAMA Ophthalmol 2017; 135: 1339–44.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.4508"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leigh RJ, Zee DS: The neurology of eye movements. 5th ed. Oxford, New York, Auckland: Oxford University Press 2015.","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199969289.001.0001"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackay DD: Approach to diplopia. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2025; 31: 463–78.","DOI":"10.1212\/cont.0000000000001544"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagr\u00e8ze WA: Anamnesetechnik, Augenuntersuchung, Patientenvorstellung. In: Pfeiffer N, Cursiefen C, Holz FG, Lagr\u00e8ze WA (eds.): Die Augenheilkunde: Das Referenzwerk. Berlin: Springer 2025; 667–70.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-65823-9_67"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lischka T: Diagnostik bei Diplopie. In: Pfeiffer N, Cursiefen C, Holz FG, Lagr\u00e8ze WA (eds.): Die Augenheilkunde: Das Referenzwerk. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 2023; 1–12.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-65929-8_82-1"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strupp M, Brandt T, Dieterich M: Vertigo—Leitsymptom Schwindel. 3rd ed. Berlin, Germany, Heidelberg: Springer 2022.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-61397-9"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strupp M, H\u00fcfner K, Sandmann R, et al.: Central oculomotor disturbances and nystagmus: A window into the brainstem and cerebellum. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2011; 108: 197–204.","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2011.0197"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiendl H, Abicht A, Chan A, et al.: Guideline for the management of myasthenic syndromes. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2023; 16: 17562864231213240.","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864231213240"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckstein A, Hagenacker T: Myogene Augenbewegungsst\u00f6rungen und Myasthenia gravis. In: Pfeiffer N, Cursiefen C, Holz FG, Lagr\u00e8ze WA (eds.): Die Augenheilkunde: Das Referenzwerk. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 2023; 1053–66.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-65823-9_106"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiersinga WM, Eckstein AK, Žarković M: Thyroid eye disease (Graves‘ orbitopathy): Clinical presentation, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2025; 13: 600–14.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(25)00066-X"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ghazzawi K, Neumann I, Knetsch M, et al.: Treatment outcomes of patients with orbital inflammatory diseases: Should steroids still be the first choice? J Clin Med 2024; 13: 3998.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13143998"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogle KN, Mussey F, Prangen AD: Fixation disparity and the fusional processes in binocular single vision. Am J Ophthalmol 1949; 32: 1069–87.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(49)90649-2"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tait EF: Accommodative convergence. Am J Ophthalmol 1951; 34: 1093–107.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(51)90683-6"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kommerell G, Kromeier M: Prismenkorrektion bei Heterophorie. Ophthalmologe 2002; 99: 3–9.","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007112"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steffen H: Nichtparetisches Schielen. Teil 1. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2012; 229: 1145–53; quiz 1154–5.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1324858"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kline LB, Demer JL, Vaphiades MS, Tavakoli M: Disorders of the fourth cranial nerve. J Neuroophthalmol 2021; 41: 176–93.","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001261"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim HM, Yang HK, Hwang J-M: Quantitative analysis of pupillometry in isolated third nerve palsy. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0208259.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208259"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Choi JY, Yang HK, Hwang JM, Kim JS: Etiological distribution of isolated oculomotor nerve palsy: Analysis of 633 patients and literature review. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31: e16261.","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16261"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Choi JY, Yang HK, Hwang JM, Kim JS: Etiologic distribution of isolated trochlear palsy: Analysis of 1020 patients and literature review. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29: 3658–65.","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15541"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Choi JY, Yang HK, Hwang JM, Kim JS: Etiologic distribution of isolated abducens nerve palsy: Analysis of 807 patients and literature review. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30: 2471–80.","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15828"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierrot-Deseilligny C: Nuclear, internuclear, and supranuclear ocular motor disorders. Handb Clin Neurol 2011; 102: 319–31.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52903-9.00018-2"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Stavern GP: Supranuclear disorders of eye movements. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2025; 31: 479–502.","DOI":"10.1212\/cont.0000000000001558"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strupp M, Dlugaiczyk J, Ertl-Wagner BB, Rujescu D, Westhofen M, Dieterich M: Vestibular disorders. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2020; 117: 300–10.","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2020.0300"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandt T, Dieterich M: Vestibular syndromes in the roll plane: Topographic diagnosis from brainstem to cortex. Ann Neurol 1994; 36: 337–47.","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360304"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref25","unstructured":"Zee DS: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia: pathophysiology and diagnosis. Baillieres Clin Neurol 1992; 1: 455–70."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00fcfner K, Frenzel C, Kremmyda O, et al.: Esophoria or esotropia in adulthood: A sign of cerebellar dysfunction? J Neurol 2015; 262: 585–92.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7614-2"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kremmyda O, Frenzel C, H\u00fcfner K, et al.: Acute binocular diplopia: Peripheral or central? J Neurol 2020; 267 (Suppl 1): 136–42.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10088-y"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006_ref28","unstructured":"Praktische Strabologie: Neugebauer A, Eckstein A, Fricke J, Esser J (eds.). Mannheim: Dr. Reinhard Kaden-Verlag 2023."}],"container-title":["Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt international"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T14:13:36Z","timestamp":1781705616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-0452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-0452","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]}}}