{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:43:54Z","timestamp":1787244234480,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T09:42:57Z","timestamp":1778146977000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis after organ transplantation: Frequency, clinical features, and treatment"],"prefix":"10.3238","author":[{"given":"Theresia","family":"Sarabhai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jassin","family":"Rashidi-Alavijeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Willuweit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Gallinat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"F\u00fchrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11437","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee AY, Jeong J, Heo KN, et al.: Complications associated with immunosuppressive agents in solid organ transplant recipients: A nationwide analysis. J Clin Med 2025; 14: 3602.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14103602"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen H, Lai YR, Yang Y, et al.: High risk of osteoporosis and fracture following solid organ transplantation: A population-based study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14: 1167574.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1167574"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almdal K, Hornum M, Almdal T: Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus (PTDM) following solid organ transplantation&#8212;systematic analysis of prevalence and total mortality and meta-analysis of randomized interventional studies aimed at lowering blood glucose. Curr Diabetes Rev 2023; 19: e071122210692.","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399819666221107121900"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehner CT, Eberl M, Donnachie E, et al.: Incidence trend of type 2 diabetes from 2012 to 2021 in Germany: An analysis of health claims data of 11 million statutorily insured people. Diabetologia 2024; 67: 1040&#8211;50.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06113-8"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li DW, Lu TF, Hua XW, et al.: Risk factors for new onset diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation: A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21: 6329&#8211;40.","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i20.6329"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang JL, Weiss RE: Steroid-induced diabetes: a clinical and molecular approach to understanding and treatment. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014; 30: 96&#8211;102.","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2486"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dedinsk\u00e1 I, Gra&#328;\u00e1k K, Vnu&#269;\u00e1k M, et al.: Role of sex in post-transplant diabetes mellitus development: Are men and women equal? J Diabetes Complications 2019; 33: 315&#8211;22.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2018.12.017"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kautzky-Willer A, Harreiter J, Pacini G: Sex and gender differences in risk, pathophysiology and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev 2016; 37: 278&#8211;316.","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1137"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosio FG, Pesavento TE, Kim S, Osei K, Henry M, Ferguson RM: Patient survival after renal transplantation: IV. impact of post-transplant diabetes. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 1440&#8211;6.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2002.kid582.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hjelmesaeth J, Hartmann A, Leivestad T, et al.: The impact of early-diagnosed new-onset post-transplantation diabetes mellitus on survival and major cardiac events. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 588&#8211;95.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000116"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon JI, Barbeito R, Faradji RN, Gaynor JJ, Tzakis AG: Negative impact of new-onset diabetes mellitus on patient and graft survival after liver transplantation: Long-term follow up. Transplantation 2006; 82: 1625&#8211;8.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000250361.60415.96"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharif A, Chakkera H, de Vries APJ, et al.: International consensus on post-transplantation diabetes mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2024; 39: 531&#8211;49.","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad258"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref13","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee: 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: Standards of care in diabetes&#8212;2025. Diabetes Care 1 January 2025; 48 (Supplement_1): S27&#8211;S49."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li C, Xu J, Qin W, Hu Y, Lu H: Meta-analysis of the effects of exercise training on markers of metabolic syndrome in solid organ transplant recipients. Prog Transplant 2018; 28: 278&#8211;87.","DOI":"10.1177\/1526924818781576"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee: 3. Prevention or delay of diabetes and associated comorbidities: Standards of care in diabetes&#8212;2025. Diabetes Care 2025; 48 (Supplement_1): S50&#8211;S58.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S003"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharif A, Moore R, Baboolal K: Influence of lifestyle modification in renal transplant recipients with postprandial hyperglycemia. Transplantation 2008; 85: 353&#8211;8.","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181605ebf"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref17","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee: 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of care in diabetes&#8212;2025. Diabetes Care 2025; 48 (Supplement_1): S181&#8211;S206."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hecking M, Haidinger M, D\u00f6ller D, et al.: Early basal insulin therapy decreases new-onset diabetes after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23: 739&#8211;49.","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011080835"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephen J, Anderson-Haag TL, Gustafson S, Snyder JJ, Kasiske BL, Israni AK: Metformin use in kidney transplant recipients in the United States: an observational study. Am J Nephrol 2014; 40: 546&#8211;53.","DOI":"10.1159\/000370034"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo C, Toyama T, Oshima M, et al.: Glucose-lowering agents for treating pre-existing and new-onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 8: CD009966.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009966.pub3"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheu JY, Chang LY, Chen JY, et al.: The outcomes of SGLT-2 inhibitor utilization in diabetic kidney transplant recipients. Nat Commun 2024; 15: 10043.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54171-8"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halden TAS, Kvitne KE, Midtvedt K, et al.: Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in renal transplant recipients with posttransplant diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2019; 42: 1067&#8211;74.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0093"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee SA, Verhoeff R, Hullekes F, et al.: SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in kidney transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transplantation 2026; 110: e217&#8211;e28.","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000005496"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon R, Kerr J, Feist A, Mariski M, Kozuch J: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists compared to insulin for post-transplant diabetes mellitus after solid organ transplant. Transplant Proc 2025; 57: 683&#8211;7.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2025.02.031"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alnasrallah B, Goh TL, Chan LW, Manley P, Pilmore H: Transplantation and diabetes (Transdiab): A pilot randomised controlled trial of metformin in impaired glucose tolerance after kidney transplantation. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20: 147.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1321-2"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oikonomaki D, Dounousi E, Duni A, Roumeliotis S, Liakopoulos V: Incretin based therapies and SGLT-2 inhibitors in kidney transplant recipients with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 172: 108604.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108604"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanis JA, Norton N, Harvey NC, et al.: SCOPE 2021: A new scorecard for osteoporosis in Europe. Arch Osteoporos 2021; 16: 82.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-020-00871-9"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolgos S, Hartmann A, Isaksen GA, et al.: Osteoporosis is a prevalent finding in patients with solid organ failure awaiting transplantation&#8212;a population based study. Clin Transplant 2010; 24: E145&#8211;E52.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.2010.01231.x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julian BA, Laskow DA, Dubovsky J, Dubovsky EV, Curtis JJ, Quarles LD: Rapid loss of vertebral mineral density after renal transplantation. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 544&#8211;50.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108223250804"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu TM, Lin CL, Chang SN, Sung FC, Huang ST, Kao CH: Osteoporosis and fractures after solid organ transplantation: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Mayo Clin Proc 2014; 89: 888&#8211;95.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.02.017"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref31","unstructured":"Dachverband der Deutschsprachigen Wissenschaftlichen Osteologischen Gesellschaften e.V. (eds.): Prophylaxe, Diagnostik und Therapie der Osteoporose bei postmenopausalen Frauen und bei M\u00e4nnern ab dem 50. Lebensjahr. https:\/\/leitlinien.dv-osteologie.org\/ wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/DVO-Leitlinie-zur-Diagnostik-und-Therapie-der-Osteoporose-Version-2.1.-2023&#8211;002.pdf [last accessed on&nbsp;29 Sep 2025]."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim JW, Kwak MK, Han JJ, et al.: Medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw: 2021 position statement of the Korean society for bone and mineral research and the Korean association of oral and maxillofacial surgeons. J Bone Metab 2021; 28: 279&#8211;96.","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.2021.28.4.279"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmer SC, Chung EY, McGregor DO, Bachmann F, Strippoli GF: Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 10: CD005015.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005015.pub4"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atamaz F, Hepguler S, Akyildiz M, Karasu Z, Kilic M: Effects of alendronate on bone mineral density and bone metabolic markers in patients with liver transplantation. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17: 942&#8211;9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0082-5"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu P, Yang T, Le J, Fu X, Zhang L: Efficacy of denosumab on bone metabolism and bone mineral density in renal transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2023; 37: 100793.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2023.100793"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayed SA, El Wakeel LM, Elseasi AM, Shawki MA: Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of alendronate versus denosumab in kidney transplant patients with reduced bone mineral density. Pharmacotherapy. 2023; 43: 904&#8211;12.","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2838"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref37","unstructured":"Qiu Z, Lin C, Zhang Y, Lin C, Deng J, Wu M: Analysis of the efficacy and safety of teriparatide and alendronate in the treatment of osteoporosis after renal transplantation. Iran J Kidney Dis 2021; 15: 451&#8211;6."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller PD, Hattersley G, Riis BJ, et al.: Effect of abaloparatide vs placebo on new vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016; 316: 722&#8211;33.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.11136"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tominaga A, Wada K, Kato Y, Okazaki K: Romosozumab for managing severe osteoporosis in patients undergoing kidney transplantation: A retrospective case series. JBMR Plus 2025; 9: ziaf049.","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmrpl\/ziaf049"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cejka D, Benesch T, Krestan C, et al.: Effect of teriparatide on early bone loss after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008; 8: 1864&#8211;70.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02327.x"}],"container-title":["Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt international"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T09:45:12Z","timestamp":1778147112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-0452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-0452","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]}}}